There are many kinds of façade shading designs which provide optimal indoor daylighting conditions. Thus, considering combinations of different types of façade shading systems is an essential aspect in the optimization of daylighting in the building design process. This study explores (1) how the pattern and different characteristics are evaluated by varying façade shading types and considering...

Detailed analyses of melting processes in phase change material (PCM) glazing units, changes direct transmittance as well investigation refraction index were provided based on laboratory measurements. The main goal the study was to determine light versus time under constant solar radiation intensity and stable temperature surrounding air. experiment conducted a triple glazed unit with one cavit...

In the last decade, pedestrian fatalities at night, especially midblock locations, have been increasing an alarming rate. Lighting is effective countermeasure in reducing nighttime crashes. However, few studies evaluated effects of crosswalk lighting on visibility locations. There existing need to develop designs that increase visibility. Further, safety never directly compared other pedestrian...

Natural light is a vital force for human beings. Successful daylighting in buildings requires trade-offs and optimization between competing design aspects (e.g. light distribution, glare, solar gains, views, etc.), whilst also including consideration of façade layout, space configuration, internal finishes and choice/operation of shading devices. However, to design energy-sustainable built envi...

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) will play a major role in future indoor illumination systems. In general, the generalized Lambertian pattern is widely used as the radiation pattern of a single LED. In this letter, we show that the illuminance distribution due to this Lambertian pattern, when projected onto a horizontal surface such as a floor, can be well approximated by a Gaussian function.