The ribosome's interactions with mRNA govern its translation rate and the effects of post-transcriptional regulation. Long, structured 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) are commonly found in bacterial mRNAs, though the physical mechanisms that determine how the ribosome binds these upstream regions remain poorly defined. Here, we systematically investigate the ribosome's interactions with struc...

Focusing on internal high-voltage ( ) switching and generation for low-voltage NAND flash memories, this paper describes a switch, row decoder, and charge-pump circuit. The proposed nMOS switch is composed of only intrinsic high-voltage transistors without channel implantation, which realizes both reduction of the minimum operating voltage and elimination of the leakage current. The proposed ro...

In order to reduce the power dissipation of CMOS products, semiconductor manufacturers are reducing the power supply voltage. This requires that the transistor threshold voltages be reduced as well to maintain adequate performance and noise margins. However, this increases the subthreshold leakage current of p and n MOSFETs, which starts to offset the power savings obtained from power supply re...

Standby redundant systems are often adopted in critical applications such as the Emergency Shutdown Systems (ESDS) in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). One failure mode of the standby redundant systems is that they are not available when there is a demand. This is a serious safety issue. Another failure mode of the standby safety critical systems is that they function spuriously when there is actual...

Abstract: The rapid advancements in science and technology aggravate the need for the optimal design of modern systems, aiming to achieve the maximum system reliability while meeting some resource constraints (e.g., cost, weight, etc). In this paper, we consider the system reliability optimization for series-parallel systems subject to commoncause failures (CCF). Unlike traditional approaches t...

To address the increasingly important energy efficiency problem, a Standby-Sparing scheme has been studied previously to reduce the energy consumption in dual-processor fault-tolerant systems. However, the dedicated (spare) processor in the Standby-Sparing scheme needs to execute backup tasks at full speed to preserve system reliability and thus cannot effectively exploit its available slack ti...

The combination of N-modular redundancy (NMR) and standby sparing has resulted in a promising redundancy technique for protecting those portions of a fault-tolerant system whose continuous real-time operation is essential. This technique, known as hybrid redundancy, uses N + Sp identical modules. N of these are connected to a majority voter to form an NMR core. The remaining Sp are used as stan...

Suppressing the leakage current in memories in standby mode is the key to save power in modern SoC mobile application. Scaling / to its limits can reduce leakage power 2-5 times. In this paper, we are going explore the literature and propose that in addition to supply scaling, adaptive body biasing can improve PVT variation tolerance to achieve further standby leakage power reduction. 1.0 Intro...

The theme of the present study is to stress the importance of duration of warm-up exercise on respiratory functions in athletes. Significant improvements in athletic performance was achieved due to warm-up exercise owing to increase in blood flow, muscle and core temperature. The optimum intensity and duration are required to bring about the desired warm-up. A close examination on respiratory f...