Presented in this paper is a graphical technique for freshwater and wastewater minimisation in completely batch operations. Water minimisation is achieved through the exploitation of inter- and intra-process water reuse and recycle opportunities. In the context of this paper, a completely batch operation is one in which water reuse or recycle can only be effected either at the start or the end ...

Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were...

Ozone is widely used to disinfect drinking water and wastewater due to its strong biocidal oxidizing properties. Recently, it was reported that hydroxyl radicals ((.)OH), resulting from ozone decomposition, play a significant role in microbial inactivation when Bacillus subtilis endospores were used as the test microorganisms in pH controlled distilled water. However, it is not yet known how na...

The Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (Districts) operate 11 wastewater treatment facilities. Ten of these facilities are classified as water reclamation plants (WRPs) producing approximately 200 million gallons per day (MGD) of reclaimed water suitable for reuse. The Districts' Palmdale WRP treats approximately 10 MGD using primary treatment followed by stabilization ponds. This facil...

A daunting challenge facing the water industry and regulators is how to simultaneously control microbial pathogens, residual disinfectant, and disinfection byproducts in drinking water, and to do so at an acceptable cost. Of the different pathogens, viruses are especially problematic due to their small size, high mobility, and resistance to chlorination and filtration. In the past decade, zerov...

In recent years, semiconductor photocatalytic process has shown a great potential as a low-cost, environmental friendly and sustainable treatment technology to align with the "zero" waste scheme in the water/wastewater industry. The ability of this advanced oxidation technology has been widely demonstrated to remove persistent organic compounds and microorganisms in water. At present, the main ...

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a common way to disinfect drinking water, but some viruses are very resistant to UV. Drinking water was disinfected with UV after spiking with MS2 and 18 different coliphages isolated from municipal wastewater effluent. In addition, some coliphages were disinfected with combined treatment of chlorine/UV or vice versa with UV/chlorine. A UV-dose of 22 mWs/cm2 caus...

INTRODUCTION Various different learning methods are available for planning tuition regarding the introduction to surgical hand disinfection. These learning methods should help to organise and deal with this topic. The use of a video film is an alternative to conventional tuition due to the real presentation possibilities of practical demonstration. OBJECTIVE This study examines by way of comp...

METHs are drugs that enter wastewater through the feces and urine of users. Conventional treatment plants not capable removing this type emerging contaminant, but, in recent years, techniques have been developed to abate abuse. The present investigation focused on obtaining technique keeps best balance between comparison criteria considered: efficiency; costs; development stage; waste generatio...