In large countries with sharp temporal and spatial variation in water resources, interbasin water transfer projects seem to be an ultimate solution to ease water shortage and secure a balanced economic development among different regions. However, such projects are prone to problems and controversies, and may challenge the established basin management, legal system and policy making procedure w...

Desalination that produces clean freshwater from seawater holds the promise of solving the global water shortage for drinking, agriculture and industry. However, conventional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis and thermal distillation involve large amounts of energy consumption, and the semipermeable membranes widely used in reverse osmosis face the challenge to provide a high th...