It has been shown that when a human muscle contracts the mean voltage of the electromyogram recorded from its surface increases with the force of the contraction (Bayer and Flechtenmacher, 1950; Inman, Ralston, Saunders, Feinstein, and Wright, 1952; Lippold, 1952). The relationship between tension and mean voltage is linear provided the contraction is isometric (Lippold, 1952). With an isotonic...

Contraction during the blastocyst stage is observed during embryonic development of various mammals, including humans, but the physiological role of this process is not well understood. Using time-lapse monitoring (TLM), we studied the influence of vitrification and contractions on embryonic development in mice. Mouse embryos were cultured at the 2-cell stage. At the 8-cell stage, embryos were ...

While motor control is very often a goal-oriented event, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the termination of motor performance. To investigate what type of cortical activation underlies the muscle relaxation required to terminate the act, we performed single- and double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies during voluntary muscle relaxation in nine normal volunte...

It was shown in [2] that if T is a contraction in a Hilbert space with finite defect (‖T‖ ≤ 1, rank(I−T ∗T ) <∞), and its spectrum σ(T ) doesn’t coincide with the closed unit disk D, then the following Linear Resolvent Growth condition ‖(λI − T )−1‖ ≤ C dist(λ, σ(T )) , λ ∈ C\σ(T ), implies that T is similar to a normal operator. The condition rank(I − T ∗T ) < ∞ characterizes how close is T to...

Myofibroblasts promote tissue contractures during fibrotic diseases. To understand how spontaneous changes in the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), contribute to myofibroblast contraction, we analysed both [Ca(2+)](i) and subcellular contractions. Contractile events were assessed by tracking stress-fibre-linked microbeads and measured by atomic force microscopy. Myofibroblasts e...

In Supplee's submarine paradox, a naive argument based on Lorentz contraction leads to contradiction that fast should sink in the water's reference frame but float submarine's frame. Due rigidity constraints, it is not easy resolve paradox manifestly covariant form. To simplify problem, we consider version of which one fluid moves through another fluid. An analysis ideal relativistic fluids wea...

Structural investigations of the de Vries smectic-A (SmA) and smectic-C (SmC) phases of four mesogens containing a trisiloxane end segment reveal a linear molecular conformation in the SmA phase and a bent conformation resembling a hockey stick in the SmC phase. The siloxane and the hydrocarbon parts of the molecule tilt at different angles relative to the smectic layer normal and are oriented ...

In this paper, we introduce cyclic weak φ−contractions in fuzzy metric spaces and utilize the same to prove some results on existence and uniqueness of fixed point in fuzzy metric spaces. Some related results are also proved besides furnishing illustrative examples.