AIM To determine if the isoforms of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) are present in fetal, normal adult, and glaucomatous optic nerve heads. METHODS To localise cells synthesising TGF-beta, optic nerve heads were stained using antibodies to TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3. To demonstrate synthesis, human optic nerve heads from fetal, glaucomatous, and normal age matched subje...

Most of the clustering algorithms utilize two techniques which are selecting cluster-heads with more residual energy and rotating cluster-heads periodically to balance energy consumption of the sensor nodes over the network . These clustering algorithms do not take the location of the base station into consideration. This lack of consideration causes the hot spots problem in multi-hop wireless ...

In the next major topic of the course, we will be looking at probability. Suppose you toss a fair coin a thousand times. How likely is it that you get exactly 500 heads? And what about 1000 heads? It turns out that the chances of 500 heads are roughly 5%, whereas the chances of 1000 heads are so infinitesimally small that we may as well say that it is impossible. But before you can learn to com...

To test whether the human fusiform face area (FFA) responds not only to faces but to anything human or animate, we used fMRI to measure the response of the FFA to six new stimulus categories. The strongest responses were to stimuli containing faces: human faces (2.0% signal increase from fixation baseline) and human heads (1.7%), with weaker but still strong responses to whole humans (1.5%) and...

Paramyxoviruses cause a wide variety of human and animal diseases. They infect host cells using the coordinated action of two surface glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (HN, H, or G) and the fusion protein (F). HN binds sialic acid on host cells (hemagglutinin activity) and hydrolyzes these receptors during viral egress (neuraminidase activity, NA). Additionally, receptor binding is th...