We formalize a notion of witnesses for satisfaction of linear temporal logic specifications by infinite state programs. We show how such witnesses may be constructed via predicate abstraction, and validated by generating verification conditions and proving them. We propose the use of SAT-based theorem provers and resolution proofs in proving these verification conditions. In addition to yieldin...

We present an analysis of the properties and characteristics of weakly optimal entanglement witnesses, that is witnesses whose expectation value vanishes on at least one product vector. Any weakly optimal entanglement witness can be written as the form of Wwopt = σ − cmax σ I, where cmax σ is a non-negative number and I is the identity matrix. We show the relation between the weakly optimal wit...

Studies asking witnesses to identify perpetrators from photo lineups have usually found that witness racial prejudice is unrelated to perpetrator identification accuracy. However, these studies obtained identifications from a photoarray in which photos were presented simultaneously. Study 1 used a procedure in which photos were presented sequentially. Results showed that when perpetrators were ...

The rule on sequestration (exclusion) of witnesses is designed to avoid fabrication and collusion and has traditional roots in the Old Testament. Special rules apply regarding expert witnesses and "support persons." The contours of such special rules are explored within the Federal Rules of Evidence, state rules of evidence, state appellate and supreme court decisions, and U.S. Supreme Court de...