Inspired by the Developmental Systems perspective, we studied the development of reaching during mid-childhood (5-10 years of age) not just at the performance level (i.e., endpoint movements), as commonly done in earlier studies, but also at the joint angle level. Because the endpoint position (i.e., the tip of the index finger) at the reaching target can be achieved with multiple joint angle c...

Background: Today application of computer in the life of people is very common and those who work with computer in especially long – term are faced with musculoskeletal pains. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors of musculoskeletal and Joint pains among computer users in Rafsanjan city in the years 2012-13. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 420 computer...

Muscles behave as elastic springs during the initial strain phase, indicated as short range stiffness (SRS). Beyond a certain amount of strain the muscle demonstrates a more viscous behavior. The strain at which the muscle transits from elastic- to viscous-like behavior is called the elastic limit and is believed to be the result of breakage of cross-bridges between the contractile filaments. T...

Acute hand and wrist injuries in the athlete constitute a unique orthopaedic challenge. Because of the particular demands on the athlete (e.g., financial implications, coaching and administration pressures, self-esteem issues), a specialized management approach is often necessary. Common sites of injury include the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal inter...

The use of two arms simplifies manipulatory tasks such as assembly of an object from large parts which cannot be handled by one arm. This paper describes the control method for coordination of two arms. As fundamental tasks, the parallel transfer task and the rotational transfer task are considered. More complex tasks are accomplished by using these two modes simultaneously. The control of moto...

Joint position sense has been suggested to be an important factor in the etiology of degenerative joint disease. It is also believed to be important in the rehabilitative process after reconstructive surgery of the knee. Despite this awareness, in many areas of orthopaedic surgery little effort has been devoted to study of this crucial topic. Therefore, we conducted several studies of knee join...

The positioning stand could help the surgeon to position and lock endoscopic tools without the need for an assistant surgeon. The kinematic con guration of the positioning stand is comprised of two main parts, the arm (for positioning) and the wrist (for orienting the tool). The main requirement of the wrist is to perform spherical movements around the incision point. A concentric multi-link sp...