Many energy-aware routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. Most of them are only energy savers and do not take care about energy balancing. The energy saver protocols try to decrease the energy consumption of the network as a whole; however the energy manager protocols balance the energy consumption in the network to avoid network partitioning. This means that energy s...

Quantum Weak Energy Inequalities (QWEIs) have been established for a variety of quantum field theories in both flat and curved spacetimes. Dirac fields are known (by a result of Fewster and Verch) to satisfy QWEIs under very general circumstances, although an explicit bound has hitherto been lacking. In this paper we present a new and explicit QWEI bound for Dirac fields of mass m 0 in four-dim...

für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namen...

A critical review of the obscure nature of the contribution of spin energy to the energy of the electromagnetic field is presented. It is proposed that the total energy of a photon hν comprises of kinetic and spin parts each equal to hν/2. Classical magnetic field is reinterpreted as angular momentum flux of photon fluid. The black-body radiation law is revisited in the light of new significanc...

The recent theoretical literature suggests that consumer myopia may lead firms to profitably suppress or shroud some attributes of the price. Empirical and experimental data also suggest that sellers gain by transferring a larger fraction of the price to the shrouded attributes. However, alternative theories, including mental accounting, could also explain these framing effects. Using field exp...

We investigate a possible difference between the effective potential and zero-point energy. We define the zero-point ambiguity (ZPA) as the difference between these two definitions of vacuum energy. Using the zeta function technique in order to obtain renormalized quantities, we show that ZPA vanishes, implying that both of the above definitions of vacuum energy coincide for a large class of ge...

The πN N * and ηN N * coupling constants are studied in the QCD sum rule (N * ≡ N (1535)). We investigate the two point functions between the vacuum and a one meson state in the soft meson limit, extracting the contributions from N (1535) in the way we have formulated previously. The operator product expansion is performed up to the terms of dimension eight. We find that g πN N * vanishes to th...

(U) Zero-point energy (a very general term) is the lowest energy that a given quantum mechanical system can have (i.e., the ground state of the system). In quantum field theory, it refers to the energy of the vacuum (i.e., a space devoid of matter [the energy of "nothing"]). In this paper, we will use the abbreviation ZPE (as is commonly used by those in the field) to refer to the vacuum energy...

Zero-point fluctuations in quantum fields give rise to observable forces between material bodies, the so-called Casimir forces. In these lectures I present the theory of the Casimir effect, primarily formulated in terms of Green’s functions. There is an intimate relation between the Casimir effect and van der Waals forces. Applications to conductors and dielectric bodies of various shapes will ...