Pear (Pyrus communis) is an economically important fruit crop. Drops in yield and even losses of whole plantations are caused by diseases, most importantly fire blight which is triggered by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora. In response to the infection, biphenyls and dibenzofurans are formed as phytoalexins, biosynthesis of which is initiated by biphenyl synthase (BIS). Two PcBIS transc...

AIMS We examined the prognostic significance of abnormal electrocardiographic QRS transition zone (clockwise and counterclockwise horizontal rotations) in individuals free of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 5541 adults (age 53 ± 10.4 years, 54% women, 24% non-Hispanic black, 25% Hispanic) without CVD or any major electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities from the US T...

rhis paper reviews geological, geochemical and ;eophysical data on the deeper parts of the high.emperature, water-dominated geothermal system of C’erro Prieto in Baja California, Mexico. It also ;peculates about the lithology, temperature, pressure and fluid chemistry that might be encountered in a jeep (about 6 km) exploration well being considered For the eastern part of this field. Based on ...

Symptomatic hypertrophy of the peroneal tubercle can result in pain, clicking sensation, and limitation of ambulation. Surgical resection is indicated for symptomatic hypertrophied tubercle that is recalcitrant to conservative treatment. The purpose of this Technical Note is to report the details of tendoscopic resection of the hypertrophied peroneal tubercle. This is performed through zone 2 p...

[1] The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission was launched in March 2002 and has an expected 5-year lifetime. One potential application of GRACE measurements of time-variable gravity will be to isolate the postglacial rebound signal, which can then be used to estimate the Earth’s viscosity structure. In this paper we present a sensitivity analysis of simulated GRACE ...

The structure and dynamics of Earth’s interior depend crucially upon heat flow and thus upon the thermal conductivity of its constituents. We measured optical absorbance spectra of hydrous wadsleyite and hydrous ringwoodite at simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions up to 26 GPa and 823 K in order to determine their radiative conductivities and to study the potential thermal ...

We show that the electric field driven surface instability of viscoelastic films has two distinct regimes: (1) The viscoelastic films behaving like a liquid display long wavelengths governed by applied voltage and surface tension, independent of its elastic storage and viscous loss moduli, and (2) the films behaving like a solid require a threshold voltage for the instability whose wavelength a...

Growth is characterized by the interplay between cell division and cell expansion, two processes that occur separated along the growth zone at the maize leaf. To gain further insight into the transition between cell division and cell expansion, conditions were investigated in which the position of this transition zone was positively or negatively affected. High levels of gibberellic acid (GA) i...

The interaction and hierarchy of celestial and magnetic compass cues used by migratory songbirds for orientation has long been the topic of an intense debate. We have previously shown that migratory Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis, use polarized light cues near the horizon at sunrise and sunset to recalibrate their magnetic compass. Birds exposed to a +/-90 deg. shifted artificial ...

Root elongation requires cell divisions in the meristematic zone and cell elongation in the elongation zone. The boundary between dividing and elongating cells is called the transition zone. In the meristem zone, initial cells are continuously dividing, but on the basal side of the meristem cells exit the meristem through the transition zone and enter in the elongation zone, where they stop div...