We consider the effect of Coulomb interactions on the average density of states (DOS) of disordered low-dimensional metals for temperatures T and frequencies ω smaller than the inverse elastic life-time 1/τ0. Using the fact that long-range Coulomb interactions in two dimensions (2d) generate ln singularities in the DOS ν(ω) but only ln-singularities in the conductivity σ(ω), we can re-sum the m...

Based on the (approximate) chiral symmetry of QCD Lagrangian and bound state assumption of effective meson fields due to strong interactions of gluons, a nonlinearly realized effective chiral Lagrangian for meson fields is resulted from integrating over the quark fields by using the new finite regularization method. As the new method preserves the symmetry principles of the original theory and ...

Most Escherichia coli promoters initiate transcription with a purine 7 or 8 nt downstream from the -10 hexamer, but some promoters, including the ribosomal RNA promoter rrnB P1, start 9 nt from the -10 element. We identified promoter and RNA polymerase determinants of this noncanonical rrnB P1 start site using biochemical and genetic approaches including mutational analysis of the promoter, Fe(...

The charm and beauty production cross sections in ep neutral current processes and the charm production cross section in ep charged current processes at high Q are measured at HERA. Their determination relies on an inclusive method, where secondary decay vertices are explicitly reconstructed using the H1 vertex detector. The charm and beauty cross sections in neutral current interactions are me...

The key step in bacterial promoter opening is recognition of the -10 promoter element (T(-12)A(-11)T(-10)A(-9)A(-8)T(-7) consensus sequence) by the RNA polymerase σ subunit. We determined crystal structures of σ domain 2 bound to single-stranded DNA bearing-10 element sequences. Extensive interactions occur between the protein and the DNA backbone of every -10 element nucleotide. Base-specific ...

The starting point of this work is the axiomatic existence of a smallest measurable interval, viz. the Planck time tP , set by quantum fluctuations in the vacuum metric tensor. By the Relativity Principle, the same limit must then apply to the accuracy of all clocks which register time of events in their own frames. Further, it implies that the ordinary meaning of distance also ceases in the sa...