Human-based computation (HBC) is an emerging research area in which humans and machines collaborate to solve tasks that neither one can solve in isolation. In evolutionary computation, HBC is often realized through interactive evolutionary computation (IEC), in which a user guides evolution by iteratively selecting the parents for the next generation. IEC has shown promise in a variety of diffe...

BACKGROUND & AIMS Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), a crucial treatment for patients who cannot receive enteral nutrition, is associated with mucosal atrophy, barrier dysfunction, and infectious complications. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) improve intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) responses and attenuate mucosal atrophy in several TPN models. However, it remai...

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) products are extraordinarily heterogeneous due to the presence of a variety of enzymatic and chemical modifications, such as deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycosylation, glycation, terminal cyclization, aggregation, and fragmentation. Forced degradation study is a common practice to assess the potential modifications and degradation pathways of mAbs upon extre...

In vitro studies have demonstrated that intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are constitutively cytotoxic; however, the mechanism and target of their cytotoxicity are unknown. Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and an increase in IEL numbers are classical signs of intestinal graftversus-host disease (GVHD), although whether IEL can mediate IEC apoptosis directly in GVHD is u...

Early mucosal restitution occurs by epithelial cell migration to reseal superficial wounds after injury. Differentiated intestinal epithelial cells induced by forced expression of the Cdx2 gene migrate over the wounded edge much faster than undifferentiated parental cells in an in vitro model. This study determined whether these differentiated intestinal epithelial cells exhibit increased migra...

We have investigated the interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) in Fe/MgO/Fe(0 0 1) tunnel junctions with and without oxygen vacancies in MgO, using model and density functional calculations. The model predicts that IEC changes sign from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic if a defect level matches the Fermi energy. Ab initio calculations show that for perfect junctions, IEC is ferromagnetic and dec...

At Crypto ’85, Desmedt and Odlyzko described a chosen-ciphertext attack against plain RSA encryption. The technique can also be applied to RSA signatures and enables an existential forgery under a chosen-message attack. The potential of this attack remained untapped until a twitch in the technique made it effective against two very popular RSA signature standards, namely iso/iec 9796-1 and iso/...

A new concept for distributed control systems based on the new IEC 61499 standard is tested in this work in cooperation with LAE Engineering GmbH, a medium-sized company. Based on a catalogue of requirements, a customer-related testbed is developed. In the following this testbed is used as a reference to realise an IEC 61499 compliant-distributed control system based on PC technics. By doing th...

The lumenal surface of the colonic epithelium is continually exposed to Gram-negative commensal bacteria and LPS. Recognition of LPS by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 results in proinflammatory gene expression in diverse cell types. Normally, however, commensal bacteria and their components do not elicit an inflammatory response from intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). The aim of this study is to un...

To clarify whether serum free fatty acid (FFA) is an inhibitor of extrathyroidal conversion (IEC) of thyroxine (T4) to thyronine (T3), we measured the concentration of FFA, IEC activity and thyroid hormones in normal subjects, acute ketotic children and children with low T3 syndrome due to nonthyroidal illness (NTI). Iodothyronine (I) 5'-deiodinase activity was assayed with reverse triiodothyro...