Cognitive radio (CR) is a novel methodology that facilitates unlicensed users to share a licensed spectrum without interfering with licensed users. This intriguing approach is exploited in the Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) network for performance improvement. Although LTE-A is the foremost mobile communication standard, future underutilization of the spectrum needs to be addressed. There...

The linear thermal expansions (LTE) of bulk nanocrystalline ingot iron (BNII) at six directions on rolling plane and conventional polycrystalline ingot iron (CPII) at one direction were measured from liquid nitrogen temperature to 300 K. Although the volume fraction of grain boundary and residual strain of BNII are larger than those of CPII, LTE of BNII at the six measurement directions were le...

The rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, capacious data, and higher data rate are pushing to rethink the current generation of the cellular mobile communication. The next or fifth generation (5G) of the cellular networks is expected to meet the requirements. Pervasive connectivity, low latency and very high data transfer are the unique features of 5G networks. Long Term Evolution is a s...

In this article, we investigate to perform spectrum sensing in two stages for a target long-term evolution (LTE) signal where the main objective is enabling co-existence of LTE femtocells with other LTE femto and macrocells. In the first stage, it is required to perform the sensing as fast as possible and with an acceptable performance under different channel conditions. Toward that end, we fir...

Driven lattice gases are studied with the goal to understand whether at all and if so how far the very general principles of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) extend to non-LTE systems characterized by broken detailed balance.

Context. The wings of Balmer lines are often used as effective temperature diagnostics for late-type (F, G, K) stars under the assumption they form in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Aims. Our goal is to investigate the non-LTE excitation and ionisation of hydrogen and the formation of Balmer lines in late-type stellar atmospheres, to establish if the assumption of LTE is justified. Furt...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is 3GPP enhancement to the current cellular system in use. The purpose of developing this system is to keep 3GPP systems competent enough for decades to come. LTE is designed to have wider channels up to 20MHz, with low latency and packet optimized radio access technology. The peak data rate envisaged for LTE is 100 Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink. With OFDM...

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) play a role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Biomarkers that reflect tobacco smoke-induced tissue injury are needed. In this study, levels of urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M) and leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)), biomarkers of the COX and 5-LO pathways, were compared in never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. The effects of ce...

We perform non-LTE calculations of lithium in late-type stars for a wide range of stellar parameters, including quantum mechanical cross-sections for collisions with neutral hydrogen and the negative hydrogen ion. Non-LTE abundance corrections for the lithium resonance line at 670.7 nm and the subordinate line at 610.3 nm, are calculated using 1D MARCS model atmospheres spanning a grid Teff = [...

The design of a scheduling algorithm for LTE networks is a complex task, and it has proven to be one of the main challenges for LTE systems. There are many issues to be addressed in order to obtain a high spectral efficiency and to meet the application’s QoS requirements. In this context, this chapter presents a study of the resource allocation process in LTE networks. This study starts with an...