Over the past two decades, exponential growth of empirical research has fueled markedly increased concern about health disparities. In this paper, we show the progression of research on socioeconomic status (SES) and health through several eras. The first era reflected an implicit threshold model of the association of poverty and health. The second era produced evidence for a graded association...

This article proposes a conceptual framework to examine the development of the teacher education system in contemporary China. Within the framework, three development periods, including the era of shifan, and the era of post-shifan, the era of professional teacher education, are investigated in terms of governance, institutional structures, and resource allocation. With the central government d...

The detection and characterization of gastric electrical activity has important clinical applications, including the early diagnosis of gastric diseases in humans. In mammals, this phenomenon has two important features: an electrical control activity (ECA) that manifests itself as an electric slow wave (with a frequency of 3 cycles per minute in humans) and an electrical response activity (ERA)...

Sulfotransferase (SULT) 2A1 catalyzes sulfonation of drugs and endogenous compounds and plays an important role in xenobiotic metabolism as well as in the maintenance of steroid and lipid homeostasis. A recent study showed that 17b-estradiol (E2) increases the mRNA levels of SULT2A1 in human hepatocytes. Here we report the underlying molecular mechanisms. E2 enhanced SULT2A1 expression in human...

Era is an essential Escherichia coli guanine nucleotide binding protein that appears to play a number of cellular roles. Although the kinetics of Era guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis have been described, guanine nucleotide exchange rates have never been reported. Here we describe a kinetic analysis of guanine nucleotide binding, exchange, and hydrolysis by Era using the fluorescent man...

ERA-Interim/Land is a global land surface reanalysis data set covering the period 1979–2010. It describes the evolution of soil moisture, soil temperature and snowpack. ERA-Interim/Land is the result of a single 32-year simulation with the latest ECMWF (European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts) land surface model driven by meteorological forcing from the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanaly...

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in childhood. Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is one of the seven JIA subtypes classified by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR). Due to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a pitfall of the ERA category is that it does not include all subsets of juvenile spondyloarthropathy, with many children...

To inform choices about the future of epidemiology, the present condition of epidemiology is examined, in terms of its evolution through three eras, each demarcated by its own paradigm: (1) the era of sanitary statistics with its paradigm, miasma; (2) the era of infectious disease epidemiology with its paradigm, the germ theory; and (3) the era of chronic disease epidemiology with its paradigm,...

phonic features in translation of quran   in tabari language     abbasali ebrahimi [1]       received: 2011/11/21   accepted: 2013/03/04       abstract   historically, the linguists have divided the iranian languages into three historical eras, (a) ancient era, (b) middle era, and (c) new era. the tabari language is one of the languages of the new era as the continuity of middle era languages. ...

The aim of this study to study the drug resistance patterns of dapsone (pre- and post-MDT) and rifampicin (post-MDT era). All the 84 patients from pre-MDT period (1985-1990) and 77 patients for post-MDT period (1990-2002) reporting to a tertiary care hospital-NJIL & OMD, Agra and referred for drug susceptibility testing were included in the study. Drug resistance was studied by mouse foot pad m...