a ISEG/TULisbon – Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics, UECE – Research Unit on Complexity and Economics, R. Miguel Lupi 20, 1249-078 Lisbon, Portugal b European Central Bank, Directorate General Economics, Kaiserstraße 29, D-60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany University of Porto, Faculty of Economics, CEF.UP – Centre for Economics and Finance at the University of Porto, R. Dr....