Use of the terms cognition and behavior and their variants can be traced back to the middle-ages. What is not widely known is how the terms were first used in the literature. This article identifies variations of terms for cognition and behavior and traces the first use of the terms using the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). A systematic search of the OED was conducted, identifying terms in the...

Introduction: Various phases of menstrual cycle not only affect reproductive system but other systems also. So this study was performed to see effect of various phases of menstrual cycle on nasal mucosa. Materials and methods: Study was performed on 30 healthy female medical students of 18-24 years having regular menstrual cycles. Nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) time was recorded during menst...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the factors affecting rehabilitation outcomes in children with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 347 patients who were clinically suspected as having CMT and performed neck ultrasonography to measure sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle thickness. Fifty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Included were ...

Th e eff ects of some heavy metals Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ag(I) on carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity from rainbow trout (RT) muscle were investigated. Moreover, the eff ects of these metals on the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) gene in muscle tissue were examined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) in muscle tissue aft er exposure to the metals at the end of 6, 12, 24, and 4...

To transfer multiple desirable alien genes into common wheat, we previously reported a new trigeneric hybrid synthesized by crossing a wheat - Thinopyrum intermedium partial amphiploid with wheat - Psathyrostachys huashanica amphiploid. Here, the meiotic behavior, chromosome constitution, and stripe rust resistance of F5 derivatives from the wheat - Th. intermedium - P. huashanica trigeneric hy...

In the pathogeneses of recurrent tonsillitis (RT) and tonsillar hypertrophy (TH), different immunological mechanisms are involved. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and aminopeptidase N (APN) participate in the regulation of the immune response during inflammation. In this study, the localization of DPP IV and the enzymatic activities of DPP IV and APN in 32 patients, 13 with RT and 19 with TH, ...

Morphine and tramadol which have analgesic effects can be administered acutely or chronically. This study tried to investigate the effect of these drugs at various times by using different methods of administration (intraperitoneal, oral, acute and chronic). Sixty adult female rats were divided into six groups. They received saline, morphine or tramadol (20 to 125 mg/Kg) daily for 15 days. A ho...

The ratio (RMR) is the standard measure of sex differentials in mortality. It is commonly known that the RMR was historically small and increased throughout the 20 th century. However, numerical properties might account for the trend in the RMR rather than sex differences in risk factors. In this study we examine the age pattern of the absolute difference in male to female mortality rates (DMR)...