In the Republic of Poland, the promotion of new motorways was stimulated by the enactment of the Motorway Act in 1994. However it has taken several years to reach realisation of the first toll motorway. The Act was modified in 1999 in order to favour the developments of public-private partnerships, under the management of the Motorway Agency. Eventually, an operating Concession was agreed as pa...

With few exceptions, the US Endangered Species Act requires the designation of “critical habitat” for threatened and endangered species. This provides important protections, including a prohibition against adverse modification of designated habitat by federal agencies. Scientists with the US Fish and Wildlife Service develop critical habitat designations, which are then peer reviewed before bei...

There has been a great increase in breeding work on cool season turfgrass cultivars since the Plant Variety Protection (P.V.P.) Act was signed into law in December, 1970. This law, which is similar to the Plant Patent Law except that it covers sexual and asexual species, permits the developer of a new cultivar to exclude others from any unauthorized reproduction or marketing. This does not excl...

Lissotes menalcas (the Mt Mangana Stag Beetle) is an obligate beetle and is presently classified as vulnerable under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. The distribution, habitat and conservation status of this species were Inv"esturated through a combination of collation of known locations and searches for the in decaying logs across likely areas of occurrence. L. menalcaswas...

We analyze optimal protection when a benevolent government must maintain nonnegative domestic profits and when the domestic import-competing firm has private information about its costs. A costly audit mechanism can deter strategic manipulation of this private information. We show that a high-penalty/lowprobability of investigation is optimal when the shadow price of the firm profit is low comp...

According to the German Embryo Protection Act, PGD has been banned in Germany since 1990; one reason is the legislature's avoiding to insert a revision clause regarding medical advance into the law. The ruling of the German Federal Court of Justice of July 2010 shows the problems resulting out of this approach and declares PGD to be permitted in certain cases. The article discusses the necessit...

"In Northern Ireland there is no Mental Deficiency Act, no institution, no community supervision and there is only one special school (in Belfast) which is unable to meet even local needs. Apart from the inadequate provision made by the Education Acts and the Poor Relief Acts, the responsibility for dealing with mental defectives has not been placed by statute on any authority and, for the most...

By H. K. SNELL, M.D. Medical Officer, H.M. Prison, Liverpool The new scientific approach to the problem of the criminal may perhaps be said to date from the war period, but one of the most important measures foretelling the change in opinion which was to follow later, was the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913. This (in Sections 8 and 9) involved the recognition of a partial lack of responsibility i...

Following South Africa’s transition to democracy in 1994, its economy was characterised by concentrated markets, and key industries were dominated by large firms that had historically enjoyed (and in some cases continue to enjoy) significant state support. In this environment, one would expect instances of exclusionary behaviour by dominant firms to be prevalent and damaging. When South Africa’...

Using the UK Labour Force Survey, we study wage gaps for disabled men after the introduction of the Disability Discrimination Act. We estimate wage gaps at the mean and at different quantiles of the wage distribution, and decompose them into the part explained by differences in workers’ and job characteristics, the part that can be ascribed to health-related reduced productivity, and a residual...