The effect of a cloud layer on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) aerosol radiative forcing is examined by means of a one-dimensional vertical column simulation. To span the range between nonabsorbing and strongly absorbing particles, (NH4)2SO4 and soot aerosols are considered individually and in internal and external mixtures. For a cloud layer embedded within an aerosol layer it is shown that direct aer...

Abstract Let G G be a group and R R -graded commutative ring with nonzero unity 1. In this article, we introduce the concept of graded weakly 1-absorbing primary ideals which is generalization ideal. A proper ideal P P said to if whenever nonunit elements x , y<...

A large number of differential equation problems which admit traveling waves are usually defined on very large or infinite domains. To numerically solve these problems on smaller subdomains of the original domain, artificial boundary conditions must be defined for these subdomains. One type of artificial boundary condition which can minimize the size of such subdomains is the absorbing boundary...

For P a poset or lattice, let Id(P ) denote the poset, respectively, lattice, of upward directed downsets in P, including the empty set, and let id(P ) = Id(P )−{∅}. This note obtains various results to the effect that Id(P ) is always, and id(P ) often, “essentially larger” than P. In the first vein, we find that a poset P admits no <-respecting map (and so in particular, no one-to-one isotone...

This paper shows that any compactly generated lattice is a subdirect product of subdirectly irreducible lattices which are complete and upper continuous. An example of a compactly generated lattice which cannot be subdirectly decomposed into subdirectly irreducible compactly generated lattices is given. In the case of an ideal lattice of a lattice L, the decomposition into subdirectly irreducib...

The last decades have seen considerable efforts to understand nonequilibrium absorbing phase transitions from an active phase into an absorbing phase consisting of absorbing states [1]. Once the system is trapped into an absorbing state, it can never escape from the state. Various one dimensional lattice models exhibiting absorbing transitions have been studied, and most of them turn out to bel...

Abstract. Let L and M be two finite lattices. The ideal J(L,M) is a monomial ideal in a specific polynomial ring and whose minimal monomial generators correspond to lattice homomorphisms ϕ: L→M. This ideal is called the ideal of lattice homomorphism. In this paper, we study J(L,M) in the case that L is the product of two lattices L_1 and L_2 and M is the chain [2]. We first characterize the set...

Modeling of radiation characteristics of semitransparent media containing particles or bubbles in the independent scattering limit is examined. The existing radiative properties models of a single particle in an absorbing medium using the approaches based on (1) the classical Mie theory neglecting absorption by the matrix, (2) the far field approximation, and (3) the near field approximation ar...

At present paper, we establish the existence of pullback $mathcal{D}$-attractor for the process associated with non-autonomous partly dissipative reaction-diffusion equation in $L^2(mathbb{R}^n)times L^2(mathbb{R}^n)$. In order to do this, by energy equation method we show that the process, which possesses a pullback $mathcal{D}$-absorbing set, is pullback $widehat{D}_0$-asymptotically compact.