multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system which its main characteristic is an inflammation and demyelination and subsequent, neural degeneration. many studies have shown that inflammation causing neuronal demyelination. ms is the most common cause of chronic neurological disability in during youth which the prognosis is that can be death. platelet activating fact...

Benzodiazepines are useful drugs for treatment of sleep disorders, anxiety, seizure cases and skeletal muscle cramps. Some derivatives of 2-(2-Phenoxy) phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole were synthesized as benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Conformational analysis and superimposition of energy minima conformers of the compounds on estazolam, a known benzodiazepine agonist, reveal that the main proposed ...

Background: Estradiol and progesterone as well as hippocampal GABAA receptors are believed to play a role in the modulation of pain. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of intrahippocampal injections of GABAA receptor agonist (muscimol) and GABAA receptor antagonist (picrotoxin) on pain sensitivity during estrous cycle. Methods: Pain sensitivity was evaluated in rats ...

background: the kiss peptins and its receptor g protein coupled receptor (gpr54) or kiss1 receptor system are being described as key signaling molecules for reproductive function in animal models and humans. they play essential roles in regulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal (hpg) axis and the onset of puberty and fertility. objective: this study was performed to delineate the assoc...

introduction: the hippocampus (hip), the primary brain structure related to learning and memory, receives sparse but comprehensive dopamine innervations and contains dopamine d1/d2-like receptors. it is demonstrated that dopamine receptors in dentate gyrus (dg) region of hip have a remarkable function in spatial reward processing. much less is known about the involvement of hip and its d1/d2 do...

this study was designed to find out the impact of the variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (tnfrsf1b) on pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) risk in an iranian population. this case-control study was done on 159 ptb patients and 158 healthy subjects. bi-allelic tnfrsf1b vntr was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction. logistic regression analysis revealed no...

Abstract Agonist bias occurs when different ligands produce distinct signalling outputs acting at the same receptor. However, its physiological relevance is not always clear. Using primary human cells and gene editing techniques, we demonstrate endogenous agonist with consequences for calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CLR. By switching receptor-activity modifying protein (RAMP) associated CLR ...

introduction: it is known that acute and chronic stress induce hormonal and neuronal changes which affecting both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviours. orexin plays an important role in modulation of pain and stress. considering pain modulation during stress and the role of orexin in pain and stress, orexin might be involved in pain modulation during stress.we evaluated the involvement of ...

Complement peptide receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR subcommittee on [113]) are activated endogenous ~75 amino-acid anaphylatoxin polypeptides C3a and C5a, generated upon stimulation of complement cascade. C5a exert their functions through binding to (C3a receptor, receptor 1 2), causing cell recruitment triggering cellular degranulation that contributes local inflammation.