INTRODUCTION Since the early 1950’s when filter tip cigarettes were first widely introduced, the cigarette has evolved continually through modifications intended to reduce yields of tar and nicotine (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991). Following the introduction of the filter tip cigarette, sales-weighted averages of tar and nicotine deliveries show a temporal trend of declinin...

Composting is a natural biological process which results in the degradation of organic waste to a stable end product, commonly referred to as compost, which can be utilized for various agricultural purposes. Increasing landfill costs and regulations which limit many types of waste accepted at landfills has increased interest in composting as a component of waste management (Goldstein and Spence...

BACKGROUND More than 40 countries have laws prohibiting misleading information from tobacco packages, including the words 'light', 'mild' and 'low-tar'. Little is known about the extent to which other words and package designs prove misleading to consumers. METHODS A mall-intercept study was conducted with adult smokers (n = 312) and non-smokers (n = 291) in Ontario, Canada. Participants view...

UN Food and Agricultural Organisation believes that there is no balance between hunger and producing food and the world is producing more than enough food (1). It estimated that one third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year — approximately 1.3 billion tones gets lost or wasted (2). Inefficiencies and losses in agricultural production and consumers' behavior all pl...

A pilot-scale study was undertaken to evaluate alternatives to the solid waste management of a Central American municipal market located in Estelí, Nicaragua. The municipal solid waste from the local market is the second largest contributor to the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream. Waste from the market without any previous sorting or treatment is open dumped. The options evaluated in this stu...

background & aims of the study: p-chloronitrobenzene is a benzoic compound that widely used in many chemical industrials. p-chloronitrobenzene may be absorbed through the skin and is suspected to causing cancer. so, developing an easy method to remove of it from the environment is necessary. equilibrium isotherms and adsorption kinetics of p-chloronitrobenzene onto modified silk waste were stud...

Current methods to estimate the quantitative cancer risk of complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as coal tar assume that overall potency can be derived from knowledge of the concentration of a few carcinogenic components such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Genotoxic damage, such as DNA adducts, is thought to be an essential aspect of PAH-induced tumorigenesis and could be...

RNA dimerization is an essential step in the retroviral life cycle. Dimerization and encapsidation signals, closely linked in HIV-2, are located in the leader RNA region. The SL1 motif and nucleocapsid protein are considered important for both processes. In this study, we show the structure of the HIV-2 leader RNA (+1-560) captured as a loose dimer. Potential structural rearrangements within th...