Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family that functions as an endocrine hormone. Pharmacologic studies show that FGF21 has broadmetabolic actions in obese rodents and primates that include enhancing insulin sensitivity, decreasing triglyceride concentrations, and causing weight loss. In lean rodents, FGF21 expression is strongly induced in liver by prolonged f...

1. the decomposition of obtained scores into true and error components (20, 32, 66, 81, 90); 2. the duality of psychophysics and psychometrics (16, 72, 73, 88, 91); 3. the notion of unidimensionality (33, 34, 51, 68); 4. the conception of test validity as theoretical equivalence, usually called construct validity (21); 5. the scaling ideas derived from various item characteristic curve models (...

Vertebrate body axis formation depends on a population of bipotential neuromesodermal cells along the posterior wall of the tailbud that make a germ layer decision after gastrulation to form spinal cord and mesoderm. Despite exhibiting germ layer plasticity, these cells never give rise to midline tissues of the notochord, floor plate and dorsal endoderm, raising the question of whether midline ...

The composition and cycling of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon (HMW-DOC) were examined in a tidal stream (Bayou Trepagnier) with seasonally high DOC concentrations (1.0–5.6 mM). 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) was used to examine the bulk chemical composition of natural HMW-DOC from two field sites over 1.5 yr. The HMW-DOC at both sites was dominated by aliphatic (41%), ...

a large portion of municipal waste, disposed in landfills, is organic in nature. this organicmaterial starts decomposing soon after the disposal in landfills. the decomposition leads to the generation ofin situ leachate, and this leachate can contain substantial amounts of contaminants. under arid conditions,leachate is solely generated by waste decomposition, as little input of external water ...

Background & Aims of the Study Irradiation with ultraviolet light (UV) is used for the disinfection of bacterial contaminants in the production of potable water. The main objective of the study was to investigate and model Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) formation due to the UV Irradiation of the Tajan River water under different Irradiation conditions. Materials & Methods: &nbs...

Environmental context Reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used for the treatment of hazardous wastewaters produced from coal chemical industry (CCI) to achieve zero liquid discharge however use RO inevitably results in accumulation refractory organic matter membrane concentrate, which challenging. This work provides useful insights into composition concentrates obtained a range real CCI wastewaters....

The relative capacity for watersheds to eliminate or export reactive constituents has important implications on aquatic ecosystem ecology and biogeochemistry. Removal efficiency depends factors that affect either the reactivity advection of a constituent within river networks. Here, we characterized Damköhler number (Da) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake in global Da equals reaction timesca...

Reverse osmosis concentrate from wastewater reclamation contains biorefractory trace organic contaminants that may pose environmental or health hazard. Due to its high conductivity, electrochemical oxidation of brine requires low voltage which is energetically favourable. However, the presence of chloride ions may lead to the formation of chlorinated by-products, which are likely to exert an in...

Downing, B.D., B.A. Bergamaschi, D.G. Evans and E. Boss. 2008. Estimating source-specific contributions of DOC into a drinking-water reservoir using optical profiling. Lake Reserv. Manage. 24:381–391. Understanding the sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in drinking-water reservoirs is an important management issue because DOC may form disinfection by-products, interfere with disinfection...