BACKGROUND Pain in the emergency department (ED) is common but undertreated. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of intranasal (IN) ketamine used as an analgesic for patients with acute injury with moderate to severe pain. METHODS This study was a cross sectional, observational study of patients more than 8 years old experiencing moderate to severe pain [visual ...

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of chewing gum on the salivary pH and to compare the effect of chewing bicarbonate-containing sugar-free gum on salivary pH against that of standard sugar-free gum. The experiment was carried out on 30 volunteers aged 20-22 years (mean age = 21 years) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The test gum was sugar-free greenmint-flavored bicarb...

BACKGROUND We previously showed that the long-acting beta agonist (LABA) salmeterol as inhalation powder or metered-dose inhaler improves lung-function parameters assessed by impulse oscillometry (IOS) in 2- to 5-year-old children with reversible-airway disease within 15 minutes. OBJECTIVE We studied 12- to 45-year-olds with mild persistent asthma in order to compare the onset and extent of p...

This paper describes a new technique to suture the radioactive plaque to sclera. The radioactive plaque is conventionally sutured to the sclera using 5/0 nylon sutures. The imbricated suture technique involves using a 1/0 silk or 2/0 mersilene suture imbricated with the 5/0 nylon suture when the nylon suture is tied and cut. The imbricated suture technique allows easy identification of the plaq...

OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of early administration of analgesics in patients with acute abdominal pain on pain severity, abdominal findings and diagnostic accuracy. METHODS 210 patients with non-traumatic acute abdominal pain lasting less than 72 hours were enrolled to this trial. Patients were administrated by placebo, tramadol (1 mg/kg), or paracetamol (15 mg/kg) randomly after the f...

Abstract Sago solid waste is a lignocellulosic material that can be used as raw for making bioethanol. The lignin component of lignocellulose slow saccharification by preventing cellulase enzymes from accessing cellulose. pre-treatment stage the first lignocellulose-to-bioethanol conversion process, and it to lower levels in lignocellulose. Saccharification fermentation are next processes turni...

AIM To retrospectively investigate the changes of SpO2 and respiratory drive in preterm infants at birth after administration of 100% oxygen. METHODS Respiratory parameters, FiO2 and oximetry of infants <32 weeks gestation before and after receiving FiO2 1.0 were reviewed during continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or positive pressure ventilation (PPV). RESULTS Results are given as m...

BACKGROUND To compare the efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) with formoterol (Oxis) in the treatment of patients with acute asthma who showed evidence of refractoriness to short-acting beta2-agonist therapy. METHODS In a 3 hour, randomized, double-blind study, a total of 115 patients with acute asthma (mean FEV1 40% of predicted normal) and a refractory response to salbu...

Modulation of motor unit activation rate is a fundamental process by which the mammalian nervous system encodes muscle force. To identify how rate coding of force may change as a consequence of fatigue, intraneural microstimulation of motor axons was used to elicit twitch and force-frequency responses before and after 2 min of intermittent stimulation (40-Hz train for 330 ms, 1 train/s) in sing...