Strategic trade theory shows that government intervention in markets with small numbers of traders can boost the welfare of a country relative to free trade. This survey critically assesses the empirical evidence regarding this possibility. One finding is that while many international food and agricultural markets are characterized by oligopoly, price-cost markups tend to be small, and the pote...

Production of mature mRNAs that encode functional proteins consists of highly complex pathways of synthesis, processing, and surveillance. Along the maturation process, the mRNA transcript is scrutinized by quality control machinery at numerous steps. The extensive RNA surveillance ensures that only correctly processed mature mRNAs are translated and precludes production of aberrant transcripts...