Despite efforts by some of the best minds in our profession, monetary theory at the start of the 21st Century remains flawed by the same fundamental shortcoming that Clower (1967) pointed out in the 1960s, namely the absence of any useful model of money in which widespread monetary exchange the use of a common money in almost all transactions can be shown to arise endogenously. The models of mo...

Cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of your computer's hard drive. By introducing cloud computing in 2012, the school has managed to ease access and sharing, enhance collaboration between teachers and school management and was able to adopt and consummate another digital competence in order to benefit our school curriculum. Another crucial ben...

Money is a very important thing for human life in meeting the needs of life, as medium exchange payment buying and selling process. The importance money causes some people to try have much possible, even way that against law like make circulate counterfeit money. Counterfeit currency produced without legal authorization permission from state or government. circulation manufacture detrimental ec...

We present a new modal access control logic ACL to specify, reason about and enforce access control policies. The logic includes new modalities for permission, control, and ratification to overcome some limits of current access control logics. We present a Hilbert-style proof system for ACL and a sound and complete Kripke semantics for it. We exploit Kripke semantics to define Seq-ACL: a sound,...

Abstract: Central banks have long been interested in obtaining precise estimations of money demand given the fact that the evolution of money demand plays a key role over several monetary variables. One implication of currency substitution is that the exchange rate could serve as another determinant of the demand for money. Due to the recent currency crisis in Iran, it would be important to inv...

Mobile money, a service that allows monetary value to be stored on a mobile phone and sent to other users via text messages, has been adopted by the vast majority of Kenyan households. We estimate that access to the Kenyan mobile money system M-PESA increased per capita consumption levels and lifted 194,000 households, or 2% of Kenyan households, out of poverty. The impacts, which are more pron...

In this work, we apply a common economic tool, namely money, to coordinate network packets. In particular, we present a network economy, called PacketEconomy, where each flow is modeled as a population of rational network packets, and these packets can selfregulate their access to network resources by mutually trading their positions in router queues. Every packet of the economy has its price, ...

The famous new money Bitcoin is classified as a technical informational money (TIM). Besides introducing the idea of a TIM, a more extreme notion of informational money will be developed: exclusively informational money (EXIM). The informational coins (INCOs) of an EXIM can be in control of an agent but are not owned by any agent. INCOs of an EXIM cannot be stolen, but they can be lost, or thro...

Garg and Abadi recently proved that prominent access control logics can be translated in a sound and complete way into modal logic S4. We have previously outlined how normal multimodal logics, including monomodal logics K and S4, can be embedded in simple type theory and we have demonstrated that the higher-order theorem prover LEO-II can automate reasoning in and about them. In this paper we c...

Ubiquitous application environments are characterized by lack of on-line access to communication facilities and lack of a priori trust among parties. In this paper we present an access control scheme suited to these environments that allows a user to get authorized access to a service based on the one-time credential concept. In this scheme, the user and the service provider do not need to be p...