The dual gradient energy coupling hypothesis posits that chloroplast thylakoid membranes are energized for ATP formation by either a delocalized or a localized proton gradient geometry. Localized energy coupling is characterized by sequestered domains with a buffering capacity of approximately 150 nmol H(+) mg(-1) chlorophyll (Chl). A total of 30 to 40 nmol mg(-1) Chl of the total sequestered d...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Structurally diverse aldehydes are successfully converted into acylals (1,1-diacetates) with acetic anhydride using NaHSO4-SiO2 as a mild, convenient and inexpensive catalyst under solvent-free conditions. The noteworthy features of the present system are shorter reaction times, and mild and solvent-free conditions. Furthermore, it offers chemoselective protection of al...

Crystalline stanous chloride dihydrate (SCD), more descriptively named dichloroaquatin(II) monohy­ drate SnCl2(OH2) • H20 [1, 2], is not a very stable compound. The vapour pressure of its crystal water is appreciable already at room temperature. If the com­ pound is stored in a dry atmosphere or under vacuum it quickly loses water and becomes highly reactive at its surface. One of the usual met...

In the last decade, Indonesia intensifies efforts to reduce pharmaceutical imports. One of initiatives is establishing a paracetamol production facility start operating in 2024. Kinetics study needed as basis design reactor. This investigated optimal temperature, reactant mole ratio, and agitation speed reactor for production. this study, aqueous solution para-aminophenol was reacted with aceti...