The task of this essay is to use the ought-implies-can principle (OIC) to clarify and defend Bernard Williams’ claim that all reasons are internal. On the interpretation offered here, the internalism/externalism controversy initiated by Williams is about the indexicality of normative practical reasons. The central question is this: Are all of our reasons anchored to our current beliefs and desi...

J. L. Schellenberg's hiddenness argument is one of the key contemporary justifications for atheism and has prompted numerous responses from those defending plausibility belief in God. I will outline a recent counterargument Michael C. Rea, who claims that relationships with God are far more widely available than Schellenberg assumes. However, suggest it invites response proponents because leave...

We have an intuitive, pretheoretical idea that two conscious states must either be together, co-conscious, or separate, not co-conscious. But what is it for simultaneous conscious states to be united or separate? Can we give an account of the unity of consciousness that will apply not just to easy cases like the example I just gave, but also to various hard cases described by neuropsychologists...

u. t. place claims that philosophical problems concerning the true nature of mind-brain relationship disappears or is settled adhering to materialism, especially type identity theory of mind. he takes above claim as a reasonable scientific hypothesis. i shall argue why it is not as he claims. at first, to pave the way for refutation, i will briefly clarify place's approach to the subject i...

Inferential internalism holds that for one to be inferentially justified in believing P on the basis of E one must be justified in believing that E makes probable P. Inferential internalism has long been accused of generating a vicious regress on inferential justification that has drastic skeptical consequences. However, recently Hookway and Rhoda have defended a more modest form of internalism...

Richard Lewontin is often cited as an inspiration and founder of what is now known as Niche Construction Theory. The first goal of this paper is to argue that they present distinct arguments from niche construction against Adaptationism. While Niche Construction Theory argues that natural selection is not the only adaptive evolutionary force, Lewontin rejects the externalist characterization of...