We study pairs (V, V1) of models of ZFC such that adding κ-many random reals over V1 adds λ-many random reals over V , for some λ > κ.

We formulate a strong equivalence between machine learning, artificial intelligence methods and the formulation of statistical data assimilation as used widely in physical and biological sciences. The correspondence is that layer number in the artificial network setting is the analog of time in the data assimilation setting. Within the discussion of this equivalence we show that adding more lay...

In the propositional modal (and algebraic) treatment of two-variable first-order logic equality is modelled by a ‘diagonal’ constant, interpreted in square products of universal frames as the identity (also known as the ‘diagonal’) relation. Here we study the decision problem of products of two arbitrary modal logics equipped with such a diagonal. As the presence or absence of equality in two-v...

Information on subcategorization and selectional restrictions in a valency dictionary is very important for natural language processing in tasks such as monolingual parsing, accurate rule-based machine translation and automatic summarization. However, adding this detailed information is both time consuming and costly. In this paper we present a method of assigning valency information and select...

Machine translation software has been under development almost since the birth of the electronic computer. Current state-of-the-art methods use statistical techniques to learn how to translate from one natural language to another from a corpus of handtranslated text. The success of these techniques comes from two factors: a simple statistical model and vast training data sets. The standard agen...

This paper describes experiments to adapt document summarization to the medical domain. Our summarizer combines linguistic features corresponding to text fragments (typically sentences) and applies a machine learning approach to extract the most important text fragments from a document to form a summary. The generic features comprise features used in previous research on summarization. We propo...

stand establishment in crusting soil is one of the main concerns in the production of crops with delicate seedlings such as cotton, onions and rape seed. crust breaking, maintaining soil moisture and adding chemical and organic amendments to soil are different methods to weaken soil strength and allow the shoots to emerge. these methods are not always successful because they depend on factors s...