Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editing consists of an RNA modification where single adenosines along the sequence are converted into inosines. Such a biochemical transformation is catalyzed by enzymes belonging family adenosine deaminases acting on (ADARs) and occurs either co- or post-transcriptionally. The employment powerful, high-throughput detection methods has recently revealed that A-to-I...

Extracellular adenosine (ADE) interacts with cells by two pathways: by activating cell surface receptors at nanomolar/micromolar concentrations; and by interfering with the homeostasis of the intracellular nucleotide pool at millimolar concentrations. Ade shows both cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of aden...

High levels of adenosine can be measured from the lungs of asthmatics, and it is well recognized that aerosolized 5'AMP, the precursor of adenosine, elicits robust bronchoconstriction in patients with this disease. Characterization of mice with elevated adenosine levels secondary to the loss of adenosine deaminase (ADA) expression, the primary metabolic enzyme for adenosine, further support a r...

Adenosine attenuates the myocardial metabolic and contractile responses induced by ss-adrenergic stimulation. Our study was conducted to investigate the longevity of this antiadrenergic action after adenosine exposure. Adenosine (33 micromol/L) was infused into isolated perfused rat hearts for 1, 5, 30, or 60 minutes, and the adrenergic responsiveness (AR) to isoproterenol (10(-8) mol/L) was de...

The review aimed at pooling together available information on 5'-nucleotidase – an enzyme hydrolyzing ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside-5'-monophosphates. most important product of activity is adenosine. This is, in fact, involved aspects normal physiology, along with numerous pathological processes. article discusses the role pregnancy, its involvement early post-implantation development, prolifer...

Adenosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator that exerts antiepileptic effects in the brain and the entorhinal cortex (EC) is an essential structure involved in temporal lobe epilepsy. Whereas microinjection of adenosine into the EC has been shown to exert powerful antiepileptic effects, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in the EC have not been determined yet. We tested the hypothes...

Adenosine is an important neuromodulator that regulates numerous physiological processes such as blood flow, heart rate, and neurotransmission. Traditionally, adenosine has been thought to act in a slow manner, accumulating in the extracellular space after major events such as ischemia [1]. Previous methods to study adenosine release, such as radio-labeled HPLC had good sensitivity and selectiv...

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a crucial cytokine in the regulation of T helper 1 vs. T helper 2 immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the endogenous purine nucleoside adenosine on the production of IL-12. In mouse macrophages, adenosine suppressed IL-12 production. Although the order of potency of adenosine receptor agonists suggested the involvement of A2a receptors...

BACKGROUND The benefits of vessel recanalization in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are limited by reperfusion damage. In animal models, adenosine limits reperfusion injury, reducing infarct size and improving ventricular function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of adenosine adjunct to primary PTCA in AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-four AMI patients undergo...

Adenosine is a potent vasodilator that plays an important role in the regulation of coronary microvascular diameter. Although multiple adenosine receptor subtypes have been recently cloned, the specific adenosine receptor subtypes and the underlying mechanisms responsible for the vasodilation to adenosine in the coronary microcirculation remain unknown. Therefore, in the present study we determ...