to reach the desirable ecosystem management, determining the animal dietselection, which is one of the components of rangeland ecosystem, is important. therefore, inorder to determine the grazing behavior and diet selection of sheep and goat, the uplandrangeland of northern part of alborz was selected. in this study, the first weeks of july andaugust of 2009 were chosen for the grazing period o...

Habitat fragmentation changes thermal conditions in remnant patches, and thermal conditions strongly influence organism morphology, distribution, and activity patterns. However, few studies explore temperature as a mechanism driving ecological responses to fragmentation. Here we offer a conceptual framework that integrates thermal biology into fragmentation research to better understand individ...

SITE model was developed to study the response of tropical ecosystems according to environmental conditions for estimating of energy fluxes. This study analyzed the net ecosystem of CO2 exchange (NEE) by ecosystem modeling and field measurements in a semi deciduous forest located at 50 km of Sinop municipal district, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Continuous measurements of canopy CO2 storage and fluxes ...

the main design objective of axial compressor is the efficiency increasing, pressure ratio and weight loss. these three parameters are used as an objective function and they are computed according to adopted design procedures. in this paper, a design method is presented that named quasi-three-dimensional. physical flow conditions are applied to design by some constraints to avoid irrational res...

the market for carbon dioxide rights emerged as one of the tools applicable to the implementation of the measures adopted by the kyoto protocol to combat climate change. in this paper we analyze the case of spain, because their peculiar administrative division into seventeen autonomous communities, it is relevant to a detailed study of emissions and allowances of the industries that make up ...

AIM The global spread of woody plants into grasslands is predicted to increase over the coming century. While there is general agreement regarding the anthropogenic causes of this phenomenon, its ecological consequences are less certain. We analyzed how woody vegetation of differing cover affects plant diversity (richness and evenness) and multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality) in gl...

One expects there to be a conceptual analogy between an innovation ecosystem and the biological ecosystems observed in nature. The biological ecosystem is a system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environments (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit. It is characterized by one or more equilibrium states, where a relatively stable se...