The aim of this article is to critically situate co-production methods such as that the urban living lab within contemporary planning theory and in particular ideas ‘agonistic planning...

In eusocial insects, the ability to discriminate nest-mates from non-nest-mates is widespread and ensures that altruistic actions are directed towards kin and agonistic actions are directed towards non-relatives. Most tests of nest-mate recognition have focused on hymenopterans, and suggest that cooperation typically evolves in tandem with strong antagonism towards non-nest-mates. Here, we pres...

Interactions between sub-groups (species, strains) have been reported in many species among many taxae. We propose a generic model based on earlier experiments accounting for both conspecific (or between individuals of the same strains) and heterospecific (or between strains) interactions. The model predicts different collective behaviours without any change of individuals' algorithm as some ke...

Play has been defined as apparently functionless behaviour, yet since play is costly, models of adaptive evolution predict that it should have some beneficial function (or functions) that outweigh its costs. We provide strong evidence for a long-standing, but poorly supported hypothesis: that early social play is practice for later dominance relationships. We calculated the relative dominance r...

Mixing different herbivore species is assumed to increase vegetation use because of the complementarity their feeding choices and reduce animal parasite burden through dilution effect. Here, we compare effects mixed horse-cattle grazing monospecific horse (1.4 LU/ha) on foraging behaviour, sward characteristics parasitism in a mesophile grassland central France. In both treatments, animals were...

Predation is a major ecological constraint shaping behaviour and communication in animals. Several fish species are known to modify their foraging, agonistic reproductive the presence of predators. However, close nothing about how predators affect sound production fishes. This paper reviews vocal increase chance survival by modifying intraspecific acoustic producing sounds directed towards Fiel...

Female sand lizards mate multiply with one or several males (Olsson 1992). After copulation the male stays temporarily with the mated female and vigorously attacks approaching males, whereafter he resumes mate search (Olsson 1992). Such agonistic behaviour by male lizards during the mating season is not novel (Carpenter 1977;Stamps 1983). However, in the majority of studies it has been investig...

Wild bull Asian elephants spend time in all-male groups. Therefore, managers of ex situ populations increasingly house bulls together. We examined the social interactions five at Denver Zoo, using instantaneous sampling to compare across adolescent and mature bulls, with a history prior integration this group compared no history. Both age significantly affected behavior. Adolescent exhibited mo...

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