Antigen-induced immune suppression, like T cell activation, requires antigen-presenting cells (APCs); however, the role of APCs in mediating these opposing effects is not well understood, especially in vivo. We report that genetic inactivation of CD11b, which is a CD18 subfamily of integrin receptors that is highly expressed on APCs, abolishes orally induced peripheral immune tolerance (oral to...

Over the years, positive effect of growth China’s agricultural cooperatives on development rural economy is undoubted, but many problems have been exposed in practice, such as non-standard shell cooperatives. This paper takes 355 a county Ganzi an example to study types and reasons nonstandard phenomena heterogeneous cooperatives, then puts forward construction cooperative governance mechanism ...

In this study we evaluated the ability of activated intrahepatic APCs to inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in transgenic mice. Intrahepatic APCs were activated by administration of an anti-CD40 agonistic mAb (alphaCD40). We showed that a single i.v. injection of alphaCD40 was sufficient to inhibit HBV replication noncytopathically by a process associated with the recruitment of dendri...

This paper firstly analyzes the two aspects and the two kinds of capitals in new rural construction and then puts forwards the deficiency of countryside in social capital aspect. Theoretically, this paper questions the popular way of founding special cooperative organization in countryside and analyzes the problems in its practical operation. In authors’ opinion, the only way to construct the r...

The agriculture is traditional risky business, but in transition countries agricultural producers should face some additional difficulties. The agri-food chains are still suffering from underdeveloped market institutions creating severe barriers for price discovery and high transaction costs to co-ordinate market exchanges. Co-operatives are usually neglected as a possible governance structure ...

Purpose: This study aims to determine the factors affecting cooperates’ satisfaction when joining high-tech agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam’s Northern Key Economic Region. Theoretical framework: The absorbed previous studies and expert opinions member' coming cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach: Primary data was collected through a direct survey of 395 members participating Then, use...

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is initiated by APCs that prime alloreactive donor T cells. In antipathogen responses, Ag-bearing APCs receive signals through pattern-recognition receptors, including TLRs, which induce the expression of costimulatory molecules and production of inflammatory cytokines, which in turn mold the adaptive T cell response. However, in allogeneic hematopoietic stem ce...

the purpose of this research was studying relationship between socio- cultural, economical and managerial factors with the participation rate of agricultural cooperative's members in the shirvan chardavol township in the ilam province, iran. the method of this study is descriptive-correlative. a researcher made questionnaire was used as the tool for gathering data. the face and content validity...

Lignin-like polymerized polyphenols strongly activate lymphocytes and induce cytokine synthesis. We aimed to characterise the mechanisms of action of polymerized polyphenols on immunomodulating functions. We compared the reactivity of leukocytes from various organs to that of polymerized polyphenols. Splenocytes and resident peritoneal cavity cells (PCCs) responded to polymerized polyphenols an...