In recent years, an increasing number of stimulant drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPSs) have caused concern in scientific communities and therefore innovative methods to extract compounds from complex biological samples are required. This work is aimed at developing and validating a clean, convenient and straightforward extraction procedure with microliter amounts of organic solvent usi...

The framework Pure Type System (PTS) offers a simple and general approach to designing and formalizing type systems. However, in the presence of dependent types, there often exist some acute problems that make it difficult for PTS to accommodate many common realistic programming features such as general recursion, recursive types, effects (e.g., exceptions, references, input/output), etc. In th...

It is well established that behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants is associated with adaptations in the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) system. We showed previously that the responsiveness of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons to glutamate was significantly enhanced in amphetamine- and cocaine-pretreated rats tested after 3 days of withdrawal, which suggests that adaptations in ex...

Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate most plant life cycle aspects, including flowering and fruit development. Here, we demonstrate the implication of GAs in ovule development. DELLA proteins, negative GA response regulators, act as positive factors for ovule integument development in a mechanism that involves transcription factor ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS). The seeds of the dell...

In post-mortem investigations of fatal intoxication, it is challenging to determine which drug(s) were responsible for the death, and drugs did not. This study aims provide femoral blood drug levels in lethal intoxication control cases, where cause death was other than intoxication. The reference values could assist interpretation toxicological results routine casework. To this end, all from 20...

BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral psychiatric disorder that afflicts children, with a reported prevalence of 2.4% to 19.8% worldwide. Stimulants (methylphenidate [MPH] and amphetamine) are considered first-line ADHD pharmacotherapy. MPH is a catecholamine reuptake inhibitor, whereas amphetamines have additional presynaptic activity. Although ...

BACKGROUND Athletic trainers (ATs) play an important role in the evaluation, management, and referral of student-athletes after sport-related concussion. Understanding factors that influence ATs' patient care decisions is important to ensure best practices are followed. PURPOSE To identify ATs' current concussion management practices and referral patterns for adolescent student-athletes after...