Fear is a basic, universal, and primary sensation; its function to protect against risk situations; without fear, people would act recklessly endanger their lives. acts as regulator of our behavior, warning us dangers avoiding them when detecting threat, this interpreted such damage physical integrity involved well reputation self-esteem, self-concept, or security, depending on the idea beliefs...

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are typical examples of multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the regulation immune response, hematopoiesis, inflammation. Both peripheral intraventricular administration these causes acute phase symptoms, e.g. fever, activation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis psychological depression. The amygdala belongs to structures limbic s...

introduction: considering the anticonvulsant effects of a1 adenosine receptors and the anatomical connections between pjriform cortex and amygdala, in this study, the role of a1 adenosine receptors activity of piriform cortex neurons on amygdala kindled seizures was investigated in rats. material and methods: the rats were fully kindled by daily electrical stimulation of amygdala. n6-cyclohexyl...

background: chronic use of opioids usually results in physical dependence. the underlying mechanisms for this dependence are still being evaluated. transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (trpv1) are important receptors of pain perception. their role during opioid dependence has not been studied well. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of morphine-dependence on the expressio...

Twelve rats with amygdaloid lesion (CBM group) and 20 sham operated (Control group) were tested. Emotional reactivity evaluated by six category scale showed transient decrease in CBM group with respect to Control one. The CBM lesion enhanced the locomotor activity in electromagnetic activity meter in the initial phase of confinement in the apparatus. Open-field ambulation was higher in CBM rats...

background and objective: amygdala contains central nucleus which is the region rich of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba-a) receptors and plays a key role in modulating behavior and sleep homeostasis. furthermore, dysfunction of amygdala probably contributes to anxiety and mood disorders. in this study, we evaluated the association between acute sleep deprivation (asd) and anxiety through gaba-a recep...

Background and Purpose The therapeutic effects of fluoxetine are believed to be due increasing neuronal plasticity reversing some learning deficits. Nevertheless, a growing amount evidence shows adverse this drug on cognition forms plasticity. Experimental Approach To study the chronic treatment, we combine an automated assessment motivation in mice with investigation central amygdala basolater...

several sources were introduced for cell therapy after neurotrauma. there are some evidences that quiescent stem cells are located in the various regions of the adult mammalian brain including cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and striatum. but more study is needed to identify the characteristics of these cells. in the present study we investigated the possibility of isolating neural stem cells fro...

A study of gustatory preference was carried out in Wistar strain albino rats by electrolytically lesioning the basolateral nucleus of amygdala. The intake of sweet tasting saccharin (Sn-0.1% soln w/v), NaCl solutions (1% Soln w/v) and tap water, were tested in single bottle, 2 bottle choice and 3 bottle choice situations. The consumption of fluids both before and after the stereotaxic surgery w...

In a patient with a lesion of the right amygdala and temporal pole who had the characteristics of the gourmand syndrome, sensory and hedonic testing was performed to examine the processing of taste, olfactory, and some emotional stimuli. The gourmand syndrome describes a preoccupation with food and a preference for fine eating and is associated with right anterior lesions. It was found that the...