BACKGROUND The effect of psychosocial work environment on personal and organizational aspects of employees is well-known; and it is of fundamental importance to have valid tools to evaluate them. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). METHODS The questionnaire was translated into Persian and then back ...

Historical research shows that many physicians experienced in medical sciences are also talented in art, literature and poetry. Avicenna was a sage who was skilled in poetry in addition to philosophy and medicine. He wrote two different types of poetry: those meant to be enjoyed for their literary qualities of novelty and imagination, and his didactic Urjuzeh. Didactic poems are different from ...

contemporary poets and writers use from their past legacy and their work influenced by the relationship to the bad or good works of the past writers whom they revealed strength and weakness of the past societies. najib mahfouz used past legacy in his work by “thartharafawq al-nil (“chatter on the nile”) and animate and quicken his novel with this skill. he used kinds of past legacies such as hi...

the writing of iranian architectural history has, from its start, followed the principles of western historiography. portions of this history are well expected to be neglected or unattended when writing of it takes place outside its intellectual framework that essentially reflects the iranian throught world. to have a truly iranian architectural historiography, one has to find the theoretical p...

We use Pregroups to provide an algebraic analysis of Persian sentences. Our analysis hints to some of the profound and subtle properties of the Persian grammar, e.g. similarity of its parsing patterns to Hindi (both descendants of of Sanskrit) and similarity in parsing patterns of its causal subordinate and relative sentences. These findings are facilitated by the use of reduction diagrams, a f...

background: finding the right word is a necessity in communication, and its evaluation has always been a challenging clinical issue, suggesting the need for valid and reliable measurements. the homophone meaning generation test (hmgt) can measure the ability to switch between verbal concepts, which is required in word retrieval. the purpose of this study was to adapt and validate the persian ve...