The crisis of ineffective learning interactions in schools was expressed in 1998 by Black and Wiliam: ‘in terms of systems engineering, present policies in many countries seem to treat the classroom as a black box’. Since that time many nations have adopted formative assessment as a key strategy for improving classroom instruction and student engagement. The ‘black box’ is an object of criticis...

extended abstract 1. introduction nazek al-malaike (1923-2007) is among the contemporary poets in whose works the themes of romanticism such as loneliness, grief, despair, traveling to a fantasy world, and love can be seen. she is an emotional poet with breadth of imagination who under the influence of romanticism, at times through digressing toward the past and remembering memories and at othe...