Through two chapters, we examine in the first part of this dissertation the governance doctrine in its genesis, conceptualization, diffusion and appropriation in the community of international development. In the first chapter, we discuss the political economy of governance by following its history, conceptualization, ideological and interdisciplinary frameworks in economics and political scien...

It is attractive to regard an algorithm as composed of the logic determining what the results are and the control determining how the result is obtained. Logic programmers like to regard programming as controlled deduction, and there have been several proposals for controlling the deduction expressed by a Prolog program and not always using Prolog’s normal backtracking algorithm. The present no...

Most physicians dealing with Jehovah's Witnesses (JWs) who refuse blood-based treatment are uncertain as to any obligation to educate patients where it concerns the JW blood doctrine itself. They often feel they must unquestioningly comply when demands are framed as religiously based. Recent discussion by dissidents and reformers of morally questionable policies by the JW organisation raise eth...

Opioids and sedative drugs are commonly used to control symptoms in patients with advanced cancer. However, it is often assumed that the use of these drugs inevitably results in shortening of life. Ethically, this outcome is excused by reference to the doctrine of double effect. In this review, we assess the evidence for patterns of use of opioids and sedatives in palliative care and examine wh...

of the Christian tradition,1 and is stated in its fullest form in the theological doctrine of God's impeccability.2, God is not only free from sin, He is incapable of moral deviation. God not only does not sin, He cannot sin. This is generally held to be part of what is communicated in the claim that God is perfectly good. On the surface, at least, this doctrine appears to be in conflict with t...

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal shared the Nobel Prize in 1906 for their work on the histology of the nerve cell, but both held diametrically opposed views about the Neuron Doctrine which emphasizes the structural, functional and developmental singularity of the nerve cell. Golgi's reticularist views remained entrenched and his work on the nervous system did not venture greatly into ne...

Though still barely known outside of Randian circles, the doctrine of the arbitrary assertion has come to occupy a prominent place in Objectivist epistemology. Ayn Rand’s disciple Leonard Peikoff is responsible for its only detailed presentation in print. The doctrine raises several philosophical questions. Does an epistemology firmly grounded in facts about human mental functioning, as Rand’s ...

The deific-decree exception to Washington's M'Naughten insanity standard first appeared in case law a quarter century ago in State v. Crenshaw. A few subsequent cases have attempted to refine the contours of the deific decree; however, the deific-decree doctrine has had only limited utility as a basis for the insanity defense. After about a decade of no activity in this area, the Washington cou...

“pacta sunt servanda” is one of the most fundamental principles in the common law and iranian legal systems, which have been exposed to exceptions in the process of time. these exceptions are part of general doctrine of frustration. iranians exceptions to this rule are named as “ta`azzor” and “ta`assor” rules. doctrine of frustration in common law includes three subdivision theories: “impossibi...

the exhaustion doctrine refers to one of the limits of intellectual property rights. once a product protected of ip right has been marketed either by the ip right owner or by others whit her consent, the ip right owner cannot prohibit the further commercialization (like the resale) of that product. thus , a critical element in determining that the owner of an ip right has exhausted her/his righ...