Objective: Stanozolol is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) that widely used by teenagers and athletes in bodybuilding, sports, athletics. The potential effects of stanozolol kidney functions have not been defined. In this study we investigated the expression tumor suppressor protein phosphatase tensin homolog (Pten) mRNA levels phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3 kinase (Pi3k) B (Akt1) s...

oxymetholone is an orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid. oxymetholone was synthesized in 1959.it is a 17α-methylated, 5 α-saturated compound. this drug is used for the treatment of a variety diseases including anemia, growth delay in kids, myocardial damage in heart failiure and treatment of hiv associated wasting. unfortunately, some of athletics use this drug because of its anabolic effe...

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania regulates the use of anabolic and androgenic steroids by monitoring plasma samples obtained from equine athletes post competition. Plasma samples were chosen over urine because the pharmacological action of any drug is generally based on plasma concentration of the parent or active metabolite of the compound and not its concentration in urine. Furthermore, the c...

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine whether anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have an effect on the levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat brain, using nandrolone decanoate as a prototype steroid. Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate (15 mg/kg) for 14 days. The effect of AAS on CGRP immunoreac...

Background and objectives: Although anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use has become became more prominent in bodybuilders and professional athletes, their consumption is nowadays a problem that involves a wider population. Methandienone or dianabol is an anabolic androgenic steroid which is used by athletes for fitness. This study was conducted to investigate, the likely prot...

In heart failure, impairment of cardiac muscle function leads to numerous neurohormonal and metabolic disorders, including an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes, in favour of the latter. These disorders cause loss of muscle mass with structural and functional changes within the skeletal muscles, known as skeletal myopathy. This phenomenon constitutes an important mechanism that ...