Four pyridazinones (2-5) were synthesized by the reaction of 3-benzoylpropionic acid with the corresponding hydrazines. These pyridazinones were further derivatized with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of piperidine to obtain the desired compounds (6-13). The chemical structures of the synthesized pyridazinones were elucidated on the basis of their spectral analysis (IR, 1H-NMR, ...

The purpose of this brief review is to separate the characteristic properties and side effects attributable to the pharmacology of the whole class of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from those attributable to the chemical structure and kinetics of each particular ACE inhibitor. The former would be predictable and probably similar for all agents and, therefore, would be expected t...

Four pyridazinones (2-5) were synthesized by the reaction of 3-benzoylpropionic acid with the corresponding hydrazines. These pyridazinones were further derivatized with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of piperidine to obtain the desired compounds (6-13). The chemical structures of the synthesized pyridazinones were elucidated on the basis of their spectral analysis (IR, 1H-NMR, ...

The choice of the appropriate dosage of ACE inhibitor in clinical practice is an important one. The available evidence suggests that in chronic heart failure as well as in chronic coronary artery disease, high doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor are more effective than low ones. The current recommended clinical approach is to target ACE inhibitor dosing regimens to be similar...

ACE inhibitors have achieved widespread usage in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal disease. ACE inhibitors alter the balance between the vasoconstrictive, salt-retentive, and hypertrophic properties of angiotensin II (Ang II) and the vasodilatory and natriuretic properties of bradykinin and alter the metabolism of a number of other vasoactive substances. ACE inhibitors differ in the che...

In the 1970s, a series of observations demonstrated that angiotensin II has deleterious effects on the heart and kidney and that patients with high levels of plasma renin activity are at a higher risk of developing stroke or myocardial infarction than those with low plasma renin activity.1,2 Thereafter, the development of pharmacological probes that block the renin-angiotensin system helped def...

1. Miller DR, Oliveria SA, Berlowitz DR, Fincke BG, Stang P, Lillienfeld DE. Angioedema incidence in US veterans initiating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Hypertension. 2008;51:1624--30. 2. Kostis JB, Kim HJ, Rusnak J, Casale T, Kaplan A, Corren J, et al. Incidence and characteristics of angioedema associated with enalapril. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1637--42. 3. Banerji A, Clark S, ...

Currently, there is a persisting dispute regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) inhibitors' safety of use in COVID-19 pandemics. On one side, RAAS inhibitors appear to determine an overexpression ACE2, receptor SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, they could increase risk SARS-CoV-2 infection and its degree severity. other discontinuation leads cardiovascular decompensation has been discou...

The deletion (D)/insertion (I) polymorphism in intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has the greatest impact on serum ACE level in Caucasians of any factor yet discovered. The aim of the present study was to establish new ACE genotype-corrected normal ranges for serum ACE level in a population of central European origin. After a medical examination, 159 healthy Caucasians vo...

Combined blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Vasopeptidase inhibitors are a group of compounds capable of inhibiting more than one enzyme, which leads to potentiation of natriuretic peptide actions and suppression of the RAAS. In this study, molecular modeling has been used to elucidate k...