The introduction of agents capable of blocking the function of the renin-angiotensin system has had a profound impact on our knowledge of the physiology of the renin-angiotensin system and its role in various pathophysiological conditions, including hypertension. Saralasin and other angiotensin antagonists, peptides similar in chemical structure to angiotensin II itself, have been used since th...

BACKGROUND The presence of chronic kidney disease is a significant independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. However, the mechanisms and mediators underlying this interaction are poorly understood. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that chronic cardiac volume overload leads to de novo renal dysfunction by coactivating the sympathetic nervous system...

THE circulating renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in blood pressure regulation as well as in fluid and electrolyte balance. Its contribution to cardiovascular homeostasis has been well documented in studies that employ pharmacological or immunological inhibitors." Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system using peptide inhibitors or specific antibodies to renin, angiotensin conver...

The effects of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and exercise on ventral and dorsal aortic blood pressure and heart rate were investigated in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Both angiotensins produced a marked increase in blood pressure. After injection of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril, both ventral and dorsal blood pressures decreased significantly and the effect of a...

Alterations in the vascular angiotensin II system may play a role in the pathophysiology of vascular disease after menopause. In previous studies we have shown that an increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)levels in aging rats because of estrogen deficiency may result in vascular dysfunction. In this study we investigated the effect of TNFinhibition in angiotensin II modulation of vascular fun...

In addition to the traditional renin-angiotensin system, a great deal of evidence favors the existence of numerous independent tissue-specific renin-angiotensin systems. We report that mast cells are an additional source of renin and constitute a unique extrarenal renin-angiotensin system. We use renin-specific antibodies to demonstrate that cardiac mast cells contain renin. Extending this obse...

As some of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)-dependent mechanisms underlying cognitive performance modulation could include oxidative balance alterations, in this study we aimed to describe potential interactions between RAAS modulators (Losartan and Ramipril) stress a typical model memory impairment. In study, 48 white male Swiss mice were divided into six groups received (oral a...

New findings from this laboratory suggest that fragments of angiotensin derived from the amino (N-)terminus are biologically active end products of the renin-angiotensin system. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that the heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a major endogenous product of the renin-angiotensin system cascade in the brains of rats and dogs. Additional studies with...

Background: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a syndrome consisting of typical symptoms and/or signs heart (HF) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection ≤40%) caused by various underlying cardiac diseases. We report conventional and recently established pharmacologic nonpharmacologic treatments HFrEF in this review article.Current Concepts: So far, have been ...

The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is one of the earliest and most extensively studied hormonal systems. The RAS is an atypical hormonal system in several ways. The major bioactive peptide of the system, AngII (angiotensin II), is neither synthesized in nor targets one specific organ. New research has identified additional peptides with important physiological and pathological roles. More pepti...