Plant immunity relies on a complex network of hormone signaling pathways in which jasmonic acid (JA) plays a central role. Successful microbial pathogens or symbionts have developed strategies to manipulate plant hormone signaling pathways to cause hormonal imbalances for their own benefit. These strategies include the production of plant hormones, phytohormone mimics, or effector proteins that...

Lateral organ distribution at the shoot apical meristem defines specific and robust phyllotaxis patterns that have intrigued biologists and mathematicians for centuries. In silico studies have revealed that this self-organizing process can be recapitulated by modeling the polar transport of the phytohormone auxin. Phyllotactic patterns change between species and developmental stages, but the pr...

The cytokinin family of plant hormones is involved in diverse aspects of plant growth and development in vivo and in culture. Two groups have recently shown that a two-component histidine kinase functions as a cytokinin receptor specifically required for vascular development.

Transcription of the AUX/IAA family of genes is rapidly induced by the plant hormone auxin, but evidence that AUX/IAA genes mediate further responses to auxin has been elusive. Changes in diverse auxin responses result from mutations in the Arabidopsis AXR3 gene. AXR3 was shown to be a member of the AUX/IAA family, providing direct evidence that AUX/IAA genes are central in auxin signaling. Mol...

The identity of the auxin receptor(s) and the mechanism of auxin perception has been a subject of intense interest since the discovery of auxin almost a century ago. The development of genetic approaches to the study of plant hormone signaling led to the discovery that auxin acts by promoting degradation of transcriptional repressors called Aux/IAA proteins. This process requires a ubiquitin pr...

Vegetative growth of plants can be influenced by internal factors including hormones (Plant Growth Regulators). The purpose the study is to determine response soybean ( Glycine max L.Merril) after application some plant regulators (PGRs). research method used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were four levels extract concentration that applied namely P0: Control, P1: onion extract, ...

Following the global financial crisis of 2008, countries stabilized their financial systems and attempted to bolster regulatory systems to protect against systemic risks. Disappointing rates of recovery, however, have shifted the policy focus to growth. How important is the operation of the financial system for economic growth and which financial regulatory reforms will improve financial sector...

• j ermudagrass is a popular turfgrass used on athletic fields • due to its aggressive summer growth habit, fine leaf texhue, and dark green color. However, if mowed infre• quently, excessive scalping and dipping production combine to decrease its aesthetic quality. Plant growth fl:'gulalors (PGRs) were introduced into the turf industry in the 1950's and since have been used in part to reduce m...

Worldwide, plant growth regulators (PGRs) account for only 3% to 4% of the total sales of plant protection agents. This limited market potential, the rising costs of development and registration, and the demand for high profitability have created major constraints to the introduction of new PGRs. Conversely, PGRs have become an integral part of agricultural and horticultural practices and one m...

Ectoparasites present a global challenge to animal health, affecting wide range of species. These parasites can infect both animals and humans, leading significant health issues. The impact ectoparasites extends beyond as they also reduce the productivity livestock. Moreover, many ectoparasite species act vectors for bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, thereby posing risks human health. H...