BACKGROUND AND AIM: Oral diseases are very important because they impose economic and social burden on societies. Given the resource scarcity, it is necessary to devise cost-effective and scientific strategies to prevent and control oral diseases. This study aimed to estimate the potential cost-savings for dental caries treatment associated with Community Water Fluoridation Program (CWFP) in Ke...

Introduction: Due to the rapid development of technology and growth of economic activities in recent years, the use of electrical and electronic devices has increased dramatically, which is contributed to the proliferation of waste generated by these e-waste (Electric and Electronic waste) products. Materials and Methods: In this study, the status of e-waste in Dezful city in 2017 was studied....

This paper investigates the optimal configuration of micro combustion engines (kWel or kWth), the associated volume of thermal heat storage and the thermal capacity of an additional boiler (kWth) for heat supply in residential buildings with 30 units, which have been built in Vienna (Austria) during different construction periods (before 1919 to 2011). The target function for the configuration ...

This paper is the first to use the method of instrumental variables (IV) to estimate the impact of obesity on medical costs in order to address the endogeneity of weight and to reduce the bias from reporting error in weight. Models are estimated using restricted-use data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2000-2005. The IV model, which exploits genetic variation in weight as a natura...

In the present paper we develop recursive algorithms to evaluate the distribution of the net present value (abbreviated as ”NPV”) of a health care contract. The duration of the program is a random variable representing the lifetime of an individual. We suggest a discrete time phase-type approach to model individual health care costs. In this approach, annual health care costs depend naturally o...

Prior analyses have estimated the lifetime total societal costs of a person with Down syndrome (DS); however, no studies capture the expected medical costs that patients with DS can expect to incur during childhood. The study utilized the OptumHealth Reporting and Insights administrative claims database from 1999 to 2013. Children with a diagnosis of DS were identified, and their time was divid...

BACKGROUND Opioid abuse and dependence is problematic across many age groups, including the working-age population and their dependents. Little is known, however, about the economic costs of opioid abuse/dependence imposed on employers, who pay for a substantial portion of healthcare costs through their contributions to employer-sponsored health insurance and are also affected by indirect costs...