Varieties of autoantibodies are known to relate to autoimmune neurological disorders as the diagnostic and therapeutic markers. Some of them affected directly to the pathomechanisms of neurological diseases. Recently several autoantibodies with such roles have been reported showing the common characters as recognizing cell surface antigens. Among them, anti-aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) in neu...

A 32-year-old female with depression on treatment, was presented with acute psychosis, behavioural symptoms, autonomic instability and a prodromal illness. This occurred on a background of a strong family history of schizophrenia. Despite escalating doses of anti-psychotics, she failed to improve. Her CSF showed a lymphocytic pleocytosis and confirmed the presence of anti-NMDAR antibodies. Foll...

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis is a novel disease discovered within the past 10 years. Antibodies directed at the NMDAR cause the patient to develop a characteristic syndrome of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Patients go on to develop autonomic dysregulation and often have prolonged hospitalizations and intensive care unit stays. There is little literature in the emergency ...

INTRODUCTION Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a rare, newly defined autoimmune clinical entity that presents with atypical clinical manifestations. Most patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis develop a progressive illness from psychosis into a state of unresponsiveness, with catatonic features often associated with abnormal movements and aut...

Classic herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is an acute viral infection that usually follows a monophasic disease course; however some patients, mainly children, experience a relapse within weeks or months after the initial event. In a subset of these patients a viral reactivation is unlikely because the CSF PCR for HSV is negative, repeated MRI does not show new necrotic lesions, and the ...

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDA-R) encephalitis is a new autoimmune, often paraneoplastic disorder that presents with complex neuropsychiatric symptoms. It was first described in 2007 by Dalmau et al. Our patient presented with headache, behavioral changes and then seizures with hallucinations. She was initially misdiagnosed to have schizophrenia and was prescribed antipsychotics. She ...