Nosema apis and ceranae are dangerous parasites of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). N. is more pathogenic and, nowadays, widespread than apis. There also cases mixed infections or only Both can lead to weakening death A. mellifera colonies. It crucial make a fast reliable diagnosis monitor disease start correct treatment. Additionally, there need for further research on pathogenicity spp. their ...

The combined excretion of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) via urine and feces is considered the primary route by which APIs from human pharmaceuticals enter the environment. Disposal of unwanted, leftover medications by flushing into sewers has been considered a secondary route-one that does not contribute substantially to overall environmental loadings. The present study presents the ...

The need for adaptation in mobile and wireless environments is well established. Puppeteer is a component-based adaptation system that changes the behavior of applications for bandwidth limited networks. Puppeteer uses the APIs exported by the application and the document structure exposed by the application, and is thus limited by the overheads of APIs and the limitations of the document struc...

A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) molecular diagnostic survey for the honey bee pathogens Nosema apis Zander and N. ceranae Fries was conducted on feral Africanized honey bee (AHB) and European honey bee (EHB), Apis mellifera L., populations sampled from Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Utah, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) ...

Machine clients are increasingly making use of the Web to perform tasks. While Web services traditionally mimic remote procedure calling interfaces, a new generation of socalled hypermedia APIs works through hyperlinks and forms, in a way similar to how people browse the Web. This means that existing composition techniques, which determine a procedural plan upfront, are not sufficient to consum...

An Application Program Interface (API) is considered a security API when it is designed not only to offer access to functionality but also to enforce a security policy, i.e. no matter what commands are sent to the interface, some security properties continue to hold. They are used, for example, as interfaces to cryptographic hardware modules and smartcards. They are very difficult to design, an...

Two microsporidia species have been shown to infect Apis mellifera, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. This work presents evidence that N. ceranae infection significantly suppresses the honey bee immune response, although this effect was not observed following infection with N. apis. Immune suppression would also increase susceptibility to other bee pathogens and senescence. Despite the importance...

The African honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata has colonized much of the Americas in less than 50 years and has largely replaced European bees throughout its range in the New World. The African bee therefore provides an excellent opportunity to examine the factors that influence invasion success. We provide a synthesis of recent research on the African bee, concentrating on its abil...

The aim of the this study was to investigate the ozone dosage required to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from biologically treated wastewater of varying quality, originated from different raw wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Secondary effluents from six Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) were spiked with 42 APIs (nominal concentration μg/L) and treated wit...

Web API specifications are machine-readable descriptions of APIs. These specifications, in combination with related tooling, simplify and support the consumption of APIs. However, despite the increased distribution of web APIs, specifications are rare and their creation and maintenance heavily relies on manual efforts by third parties. In this paper, we propose an automatic approach and an asso...