fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, theologian and philosopher of the 12th centuriy (1148-1209), has a huge literary production in many scholary disciplines of his time. nothwithstanding some original ideas which are mostly found in his theological and philosophical writings, most of his other works are compilations based on other sources. some of these sources still exist, while most of the others seem to h...

in this article, while bringing up the phrase ‘aqrab al-nās ilayha ‘alī b. abī ṭālib, we would touch upon the important controversy concerning the rest of the phrase and would examine the viewpoints of both the proponents and opponents; then, we would draw a conclusion of this debate and explain that various phrases have been quoted from ibn ‘arabī and it is most likely that this difference is ...

quṭb al-dīn al-shīrāzī (634h/1236ce-710h/1311ce) wrote four major works on astronomy: nihāyat al‐idrāk fī dirāyat al‐aflāk (“the utmost attainment in comprehending the orbs), in arabic, first edition completed mid-shaʿbān 680/november 1281); the ikhtiyārāt‐i muẓaffarī (“selections for muẓaffar al-dīn arslan” [a minor ruler in qasṭamūnī (modern kastamonu, turkey)], in persian, completed sometime...

the ḥadīth, “backbiting is more severe than adultery” (al-ghaybatu ashaddu min al-zinā), quoted from the apostle of allah (s.a.w.), by four of his companions: abū dhar al-ghifārī, abū sa‘īd al-khudrī, jābir b. ‘abd allāh al-anṣārī, and anas b. al-mālik is reported in the shī‘ī and sunnī sources – except for the kutub al-‘arba‘a and ṣiḥāḥ al-sitta. while analyzing and explaining the text of the ...

The steady-state creep rate of Ni-base metallic foams, with superalloy composition (in wt. pct) Ni7.8∼9.1Al (relative density, ρ = 2.5-2.6) and Ni-13.5∼16.6Cr-5.1∼8.9Al (ρ = 2.8∼3.0), was measured under a range of temperatures (680∼825°C) and applied stresses (0.1∼0.3 MPa), and compared with that of NiAl intermetallic foams (ρ = 5.3). The stress exponent and activation energy are within the exp...

The development of the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) requires lownoise SIS mixers for frequencies up to 1.25 THz. Past work has shown that the integration of a NbTiN/SiO2/Al tuning circuit with standard Nb SIS junctions enables the development of state-of-the-art heterodyne receivers for frequencies up to at least 1 THz [1-3]. Following from the results of this previous work...

Resistance against new hepatitis C virus (HCV) antivirals is an area of increasing interest. Resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) have been identified in treatment-naïve individuals, but pressures driving treatment-independent RAS emergence are poorly understood. We analysed the longitudinal evolution of RASs in twelve participants with early acute HCV infections. Full-genome deep sequenc...

Zakat merupakan kewajiban agama yang dikenakan kepada setiap muslim mampu. Seorang telah aqil baligh (berakal dan dewasa) bekerja memperoleh penghasilan memadai sehingga melampaui biaya kebutuhan hidup nishab zakat, maka baginya zakat yaitu profesi. Pajak pungutan berdasarkan undang-undang atau peraturan dilakukan oleh suatu negara terhadap warganya ataupun warga asing tinggal berdiam di wilaya...

Food security is a condition where 'all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life' (1). However, according to the FAO, in 2015 there are still about 800 million undernourished people across the planet, of whom over 95 % live in underdeveloped countrie...