This article investigates the long ‒term and short interactions between crude oil products export, consumer market, retail trade, public catering, paid services trade turnover per person of population in Azerbaijan using annual data from 1997 to 2021. In this research, ARDL model was used assess co ‒integration relationships. addition, study FMOLS, DOLS, CCR equations explore coefficients varia...

The study gauges the impact of refugee influx on labor market in Pakistan. Afghan refugees is analyzed using three indicators namely, unemployment, formal employment and informal from years 1979 to 2022. For purpose analysis, ADF PP tests are applied first for examining unit root problem. Variables found having mixed order integration so ARDL bound test co-integration used derive long run short...

This study intends to examine the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in United States America (USA), considering vital role macroeconomic variables, such as economic growth, institutional quality, globalization, energy consumption, financial development, urbanization, and remittance from 1985 2020. The impact positive/negative shock a regressor on CO 2 emissions keeps other regressor...

This study has investigated the impact of gender inequality and environmental degradation on human well-being in case Pakistan from 1980 to 2019. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test is used for stationarity variables. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) co-integration among variables model. results show that a negative significant Pakistan, while equality encourages well-being. c...

The objective of this paper is to examine the cause inflation based on fiscal policy perspective where government revenue and debt such an inflationary process, meaning that if these two variables do not controlled properly, they will lead higher level inflation. Using annual data from 1972 2016 ARDL bounds test approach process data, result co integration shows are simulaneously have long run ...

One of the most difficult challenges facing economies developing and wealthy countries alike is concern about economic development, particularly issues growth unemployment. The study concentrated on trinity foreign direct investment, exports, remittances because it one significant factors in international commerce financial transactions main source reserves Jordan. investigated impact investmen...

The study examined the effects of manufacturing sector output on environmental sustainability in Nigeria from 1990 to 2019. variables used are CO2 emissions as dependent variable, and independent with foreign direct investment, electricity production population density applied control variables. Co-integration tests indicated presence a long-run relationship among study. employed Autoregressive...