This study presents a new explanation ofasymmetric price behavior infood markets based on the presence of transactions costs, and provides evidence from a developing country. Price liberalization can in many cases be insufficient for efficient operation ofAfrican food markets. This is mainly due to the existence of significant transactions costs, caused by deficient infrastructure and informati...

We show that price-matching guarantees can facilitate monopoly pricing only if firms automatically match prices. If consumers must instead request ( ) refunds thereby incurring hassle costs , we find that any increase in equilibrium prices due to firms’ price-matching policies will be small; often, no price increase can be supported. In symmetric markets price-matching guarantees cannot support...

The asymmetric transmission of electromagnetic (EM) wave can be fully manipulated by chiral metamaterials, but little can achieve real-time and high efficient tunability due to challenges in practically deployable solutions. Here, we proposed a new scheme for flexibly and dynamically controlling the asymmetric EM wave transmission at microwave frequencies using planar metamaterial of deep subwa...

This paper studies asymmetric price responses of individual firms, via daily retail prices of almost all gasoline stations in the Netherlands and suggested prices of the five largest oil companies over more than two years. I find that 38% of the stations respond asymmetrically to changes in the spot market price. Hence, asymmetric pricing is not a feature of the market as a whole, but of indivi...