The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) held a comparison exercise in April 2016 where participants came to ARPANSA and measured the output factor of a nominal 5 mm cone attached to the ARPANSA Elekta Synergy (Elekta, Crawley, UK) linear accelerator. The goal of the exercise was to compare the consistency and methods used by independent medical physicists in meas...

In this paper a developed symmetric and asymmetric cascaded multilevel inverter is proposed. In asymmetric mode, the values of DC voltage sources are defined in a way that the number of output levels gets more than the condition when the symmetrical DC sources are used. In this regards, to calculate the required magnitudes of DC links several solutions are proposed. It’s obvious that the propos...

This paper deals with the simplest fuzzy PID controllers which employ two fuzzy sets for each of the three input variables and four fuzzy sets for the output variable. Mathematical model for a fuzzy PID controller is derived by using asymmetric Γ-function type and L-function type membership functions for each input, asymmetric trapezoidal membership functions for output, algebraic product trian...

background: small photon fields are increasingly used in modern radiotherapy especially in intensity modulated radiation therapy (imrt) and stereotactic radiosurgery (srs) treatments. accurate beam profile and central axis depth doses measurements of such beams are complicated due to the electron disequilibrium. hence the ebt2 (external beam therapy) gafchromic film was used for dosimetry of sm...

We experimentally observe a spontaneous temporal symmetry breaking instability in a coherently driven passive optical Kerr resonator. Using a time-symmetric configuration, we report output pulses with strongly asymmetric temporal and spectral intensity profiles, with up to 71% of the energy on the same side of the pump center frequency. The instability occurs above a certain pump power threshol...

conclusions where there is a relationship between two longitudinal and survival responses, joint modeling can estimate it. background admission to the icu (intensive care unit) is frequently complicated by early aki (acute kidney injury). the development of aki following cardiac surgery is particularly associated with increased mortality and morbidity. according to akin (acute kidney injury net...

Multilevel inverters produce a staircase output voltage from DC voltage sources. Requiring great number of semiconductor switches is main disadvantage of multilevel inverters. The multilevel inverters can be divided in two groups: symmetric and asymmetric converters. The asymmetric multilevel inverters provide a large number of output steps without increasing the number of DC voltage sources an...

PURPOSE The applicability of various detectors for small field dosimetry and whether there are differences in the detector response when irradiated with FF- and FFF-beams was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Output factors of 6 and 10 MV FF- and FFF-beams were measured with 14 different online detectors using field sizes between 10 × 10 and 0.6 × 0.6 cm(2) at a depth of 5 cm of water in is...