Laser beam propagation in maritime environment is particularly challenging, not only for scattering and absorption due to high humidity, but also for a different behavior of atmospheric turbulence with respect to terrestrial propagation. Recently, a new power spectrum for the fluctuations of the refractive index in the Earth’s atmosphere has been introduced to describe maritime atmospheric turb...

The typical isohydric plant response to low relative humidity involves stomatal closure, followed by long-term responses like adjustment of shoot-to-root ratios. Little information is available on the early responses of the root system to exposure of shoots to low humidity, nor is it clear to what extent responses of Arabidopsis thaliana conform to the isohydric model. In this study, A. thalian...

OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of local meteorological conditions on the onset of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). METHODS A review of 6551 consecutive days with a total of 191 ruptured AAA was performed between January, 1994 and December, 2011. Days with and without ruptured AAA were compared considering local meteorological data. A systematic review of the literature was perfo...

When planning the link budget for millimetre and sub-millimetre wave telecommunications links, the attenuation by atmospheric gasses is taken into account. However, at millimetric frequencies above 50 GHz, it may become necessary to account for the temporal variations in absorption when calculating fade margins. Attenuation due to atmospheric absorption varies with temperature, barometric press...

Water vapour, one of the dominant greenhouse gases, is a highly variable constituent of the Earth's atmosphere with a high latent heat. These two factors give it a key role in the development of atmospheric dynamics. Knowledge of the behaviour and distribution of water vapour in the atmosphere is crucial for understanding and predicting weather and climate. Unfortunately, atmospheric water vapo...

The split-step Fourier (SSF) algorithm is applied to simulate the propagation of radio waves in an atmospheric duct. The refractive-index fluctuation in the ducts is assumed to follow a twodimensional Kolmogorov power spectrum, which is derived from its three-dimensional counterpart via the Wiener-Khinchin theorem. The measured profiles of temperature, humidity and wind speed in the Gulf area o...

BACKGROUND Varicella remains an important public health issue in China. In this study we explored the effect of weather conditions on the incidence of varicella in the temperate city of Jinan, Eastern China during 2012-2014 to inform public health prevention and control measures. METHODS Data on reported cases of varicella were obtained from National Notifiable Disease Report System. Meteorol...

Organic aerosol particles play a key role in climate by serving as nuclei for clouds and precipitation. Their sources and composition are highly variable, and their phase state ranges from liquid to solid under atmospheric conditions, affecting the pathway of activation to cloud droplets and ice crystals. Due to slow diffusion of water in the particle phase, organic particles may deviate in pha...

In this paper, exergy of conditioned air, exergy efficiency, irreversibility, and entropy generation of common models of evaporative cooling have been investigated in five cities of Iran. Direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and two-stage IEC/DEC as the most popular methods of cooling have been modeled. Atmospheric conditions are considered as the dead state of ...