o Scientists estimate that 80% of immune system is located in your gut. o Lining of the gut wall-the epithelium-is only one cell thick. o Big part of immune system is on the other side of the wall. o When gut wall cells are healthy-immune system works well. When cells are compromised, allowing partially digested food to leak through the intestinal wall, immune system is compromised. o An overac...

Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones. Propylthiouracil (PTU) is commonly used as first line drug in the management of hyperthyroidism. This is a case report of 24-year-old female, a known case of hyperthyroidism since 4 years, who came with a history of fever and myalgia since 3 days and dyspnea with coughing out of blood since 1 day. Patient ...

Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown of the mechanisms that control thymus (T-) and bursa-derived (B-) lymphocytes tolerance towards self antigens. B lymphocytes recognize antigens as conformation-dependent entities via the B-cell receptor (BCR) for antigen, a cell surface immunoglobulin molecule. Engagement of antigens by the BCR leads to B-lymphocyte activation and differentiation into...

The immune system specifically recognizes and eliminates foreign agents thereby protecting the host against infection. During maturation of the immune system, immune cells that react against self-tissues are eliminated providing an immune system that is ‘tolerant’ to self. Historically, autoimmunity or reactivity of the immune system to self-antigenswas thought of as an aberrant response.More r...

Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. The ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1-second to forced vital capacity as a basis for establishing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Evaluating respiratory impairment in middle-aged persons using lambda-mu-sigma derived z-scores. Interpreting ...

Marked alterations in the level of circulating thyroid hormone frequently induce cutaneous changes. Such visible sequelae of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism can be among the first manilestationsot thyroid dysfunction. The etiology of such thyroid dysfunction is frequently attributable to autoimmune thyroid disease, as manifested by Graves' disease (diffuse toxic goiter) or Hashimoto's thyroid...

1Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Guggenheim Building 3-42, Rochester, MN 55905, USA 2Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece 3Division of Rheumatology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 4Department ...

Introduction: Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membrane. Antiphospholipid antibodies are a group of autoantibodies found in patients with autoimmune diseases. Due to the risk for thrombotic events in autoimmune diseases, we decided to evaluate the correlation between pemphigus vulgaris and predictive elements of atherothrombosis including antiphospho...