For some years now, mainstream industries, such as automotive or aerospace, have invested many millions in visualising their CAD in 3D. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) tools and techniques, incorporating 3D stereoscopic visualisation or Virtual Reality (VR) are the norm in these sectors. Initially just used by designers for real-time design reviews, VR technology soon spread to training and ...

An easily moving and safe transportation is an indicator in any country in the world of economic growth and well-being. For the past 100 years, innovation within the automotive sector has brought major technological advances leading to safer, cleaner and more affordable vehicles. But for the most time since the inception of the moving assembly line for vehicle production by Henry Ford, the chan...

Nowadays, manufacturing companies are characterized by complex systems with multiple products being manufactured in assembly lines. In such situations, traditional costing based on deterministic cost models cannot be used. This paper focuses developing a stochastic approach to that considers the variability process cycle time of different workstations line. provides range values for product cos...

Resistance spot welding is the most preferred and widely used method for joining metal sheets in automotive and many other industrial assembly operations. The body of a car is typically joined by thousands of spot welds. One of the many geometrical factors affecting the final geometrical outcome of the metal part assemblies is the welding process considering welding sequence used when the parts...